On the centenary of the insulin discovery

The discovery of insulin and the beginning of its use in 1921–1922 made a revolution in endocrinology and in medicine in general. This significant event gave millions of patients with diabetes not only the opportunity to live, but also the hope that their life with this disease would be full.The article examines the history of insulin discovery, as well as the evolution of several generations of insulin preparations and the advantages of each of the generations that have radically changed not only life expectancy, but also its quality.The first generation — insulins of animal origin and the solution of the first tasks of their sufficient production and purification. The next generation is human insulins, the purification of which was also a problem. The third generation is insulin analogues, the action of which became closer to the action profile of natural insulin. And the last generation — insulin analogues, most closely mimicking the action of endogenous insulin.Along with the development of insulin preparations, the article traces the evolution of the devices of its administration

Prospects for the use of fecal microbiota transplantation in obese patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus for weight loss and improvement of insulin sensitivity

Concerning the uncontrolled growth in the incidence of obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), numerous research have been carried out to study the pathogenetic mechanisms of progress of these diseases and development of new methods for their prevention and treatment in recent years. T2DM is known to be a multifactorial disease, in the development of which both lifestyle and various environmental factors, and genetic predisposition are involved. At the same time, in recent years, a theory has been discussed that intestinal dysbiosis, which is caused with quantitative and qualitative changes in the gut microbiota (GM) is one of the mechanisms of obesity and T2DM development. At the moment, various methods have been proposed for restoring the normal composition of GM, including the administration of prebiotics and metabiotics that stimulate the growth of gut flora, as well as probiotics, which directly include the necessary beneficial bacteria (mainly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus). Fecal microflora transplantation (FMT), which allows transferring an entire microbial community into the recipient's body, rather than individual bacteria is the newest and least studied method of GM normalization. In this connection, this method of GM influencing is of great interest for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases

БОЛЕЗНЬ, ВЫЗВАННАЯ ВИРУСОМ ЗИКА: НОВЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА ИЗВЕСТНУЮ БОЛЕЗНЬ

For the first time in the domestic medical literature presents a deep review about epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory knowledge of Zika virus disease, based mainly on the publications of foreign authors and leading international organizations from 1947 to March 2016. Analyzed the essence of the problem, treatment of patients with Zika virus disease and infected pregnant women, indicated the unresolved question. For the first time were systematic sources of contemporary information about Zika virus disease for professionals and patients.Впервые в отечественной медицинской литературе представлен глубокий обзор эпидемиологических, клинических, лабораторных данных о болезни, вызванной вирусом Зика, основанных в основном на публикациях зарубежных авторов и ведущих международных организаций с 1947 по март 2016 г. Проанализирована сущность проблемы, основные подходы лечебной тактики ведения больных лихорадкой Зика и инфицированных беременных, указаны нерешенные вопросы. Впервые для специалистов в области медицины и пациентов систематизированы источники современной информации о болезни, вызванной вирусом Зика

Cytotoxic Activity of Silyl- and Germyl-Substituted 4,4-Dioxo-3a,6a-Dihydrothieno[2,3−d]isoxazolines-2

The [2+3] dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to the double C = C bonds of thiophene-1, 1-dioxides leads to formation of the fused isoxazolines-2 (1, 2). Tumor growth inhibition of these compounds strongly depends on the nature of group IV A element increasing from slightly active tert-butyl derivatives to silicon and germanium containing analogues. The products of benzonitrile oxide cycloaddition have greater cytotoxic effect than the compounds obtained from the cycloaddition reaction of 2, 5-disubstituted thiophene-1, 1-dioxides with acetonitrile oxide. Fused silyl substituted isoxazolines-2 are stronger NO-inducers than their germyl and tert-butyl analogues

Justification of Administrative Decisions on the Basis of Management Accounting Data

The article analyzes the place and role of management accounting in making managerial decisions. The authors believe that the current economic crisis demands flexibility, control and efficiency strategic and operational decisions. The article describes the stages of development of management accounting, a comparison of the content of such economic categories as management accounting, controlling, planning, economic activity, and economic calculation. Given the periods of economic crises and changes in management accounting. The article highlights the processes of improving the management in the USSR. The authors consider the characteristics of strategic and operational management accounting, purpose of management accounting in the organization, the requirements to the information formed in system of management accounting

СИБИРСКАЯ ЯЗВА ОШИБОК НЕ ПРОЩАЕТ: ОЦЕНКА ИНФОРМАЦИИ ПОСЛЕ ВСПЫШКИ НА ЯМАЛЕ ЛЕТОМ 2016 ГОДА

For the first time in a long time period the sources of actual information about anthrax in Russia and in the world are systematized. The essence of the problem, features of epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the current forms of anthrax disease are analyzed. The upgraded classification of anthrax is presented, the clinical manifestations of oro-oropharyngeal varieties of intestinal form and injectable form of anthrax are described, according to extensive literature data and international guidelines and recommendations. The recommendations for clinical management of patients and diagnosis of disease are given. The need for strict compliance to the vaccination requirements of anthrax among animals and persons from risk groups is proven.Впервые за длительное время систематизированы источники современной информации о сибирской язве в России и в мире. Проанализирована суть проблемы, особенности эпидемиологии и клинических проявлений современных форм сибирской язвы. Основываясь на обширных литературных данных и международных рекомендациях, представлена обновленная классификация сибирской язвы, описаны клинические проявления ороорофарингеальной разновидности кишечной формы и инъекционной формы сибирской язвы, даны рекомендации по лечебной тактике ведения больных и диагностике болезни. Доказана необходимость строгого соблюдения требований к вакцинопрофилактике сибирской язвы среди животных и лиц из групп риска

The semiclassical limit of quantum gravity and the problem of time

The question about the appearance of time in the semiclassical limit of quantum gravity continues to be discussed in the literature. It is believed that a temporal Schrodinger equation for matter fields on the background of a classical gravitational field must be true. To obtain this equation, the Born - Oppenheimer approximation for gravity is used. However, the origin of time in this equation is different in works of various authors. For example, in the papers of Kiefer and his collaborators, time is a parameter along a classical trajectory of gravitational field; in the works of Montani and his collaborators the origin of time is introducing the Kuchar - Torre reference fluid; in the extended phase space approach the origin of time is the consequence of existing of the observer in a fixed reference frame. We discuss and compare these approaches. To make the calculations transparent, we illustrate them with a model of a closed isotropic universe. In each approach, one obtains some Schrodinger equation for matter fields with quantum gravitational corrections, but the form of the equation and the corrections depend on additional assumptions which are rather arbitrary. None of the approaches can explain how time had appeared in the Early Universe, since it is supposed that classical gravity and, therefore, classical spacetime had already come into being.Comment: 18 pages, no figure, to be published in Int. J. Mod. Phys.

Synthesis of acyclic nucleoside analogues by one-step Vorbrüggen glyco-sylation of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-ones

New analogues of acyclovir have been prepared by reacting 1,2,4 -triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ones 1а-i and (2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl acetate 2 in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as a catalyst. The interaction between the compounds 1а-е and 2 has led to a mixture of N3 and N4 isomers. In contrast, the reaction of compounds 1g-i and 2 proceeded selectively to form N3 isomers. In the case of compounds 1a-c the predominant product is the one with the acyclic moiety in azine ring (N4 isomer). Interaction between 1d-f and 2 has led to mixtures comprising mainly N3 isomer. It has been found that the ratio of glycosylation products 1 and 2 are thermodynamically controlled. The structure of the obtained compounds has been proved by 1Н, 13С, two-dimensional 1Н-13С NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis

Rational approach to patients treatment with type 2 diabetes and obesity: results of the All-Russian observational program «AURORA»

Background: As in many other developed nations, the problem of obesity and type 2 diabetes is acute in Russia. In Russia, the only combination of sibutramine and metformine (Reduxin®Met) is authorized to reduce body mass and prevention development of type 2 diabetes mellitus or its complication. The article presents the results of the observational program “AVRORA”. Aim: Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of Reduxin®Met (sibutramine + microcrystalline cellulose + Metformin) in patients with type 2 diabetes and alimentary obesity in routine clinical practice. Materials & methods: The observational program “AVRORA” was conducted from September 2016 to October 2017 under the auspices of the Endocrinological Scientific Center and the Russian Association of Endocrinologists. The “AVRORA” program was a multicenter, non-interventional study of patients to whom the attending physicians prescribed Reduxin®Met, a set (tablets + capsules), in accordance with the instruction for medical use as part of routine clinical practice. The treated group included patients of both sexes, aged 18–65 years, with an established diagnosis of obesity in combination with type 2 diabetes. The duration of the drug usage was determined by the attending physician and was up to 6 months. Reduxine®Met was prescribed in addition to the existing glucose-lowering therapy, the dose of metformin was adjusted to the patient's needs. Results: The “AVRORA” study was attended by 259 doctors and 5,812 patients in 240 medical institutions from 12 cities of the Russian Federation. The average age of patients was 46.6 ± 10.5 years, the ratio of male / female -24% / 76%. The decreasing of BMI during 6 months of the therapy amounted to 5.4 ± 2.3 kg / m2 (on average, 15.1 ± 6.4 kg). After 3 months of the therapy 81.6% of patients achieved clinically significant weight loss of 10.6% or more. The average decrease in waist circumference during 6 months of therapy was 13.8 ± 7.4 cm. A decrease of indicators of glycemic control and lipid metabolism right up to the target values was observed. Conclusions: In “AVRORA” study it was shown that addition of Reduxine®Met (sibutramine+ microcrystalline cellulose+metformine) to the complex therapy of the diabetes in combination with obesity according to approved indications is safe and effective for long-term treatment in regards to weight loss, regulation of lipemic index, glucose profile and quality of life