Task-Related, Low-Frequency Task-Residual, and Resting State Activity in the Default Mode Network Brain Regions

The hypothesis of a default mode network (DMN) of brain function is based on observations of task-independent decreases of brain activity during effort as participants are engaged in tasks in contrast to resting. On the other hand, studies also showed that DMN regions activate rather than deactivate in response to task-related events. Thus, does DMN “deactivate” during effort as compared to resting? We hypothesized that, with high-frequency event-related signals removed, the task-residual activities of the DMN would decrease as compared to resting. We addressed this hypothesis with two approaches. First, we examined DMN activities during resting, task residuals, and task conditions in the stop signal task using independent component analysis (ICA). Second, we compared the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) signals of DMN in resting, task residuals, and task data. In the results of ICA of 76 subjects, the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) showed increased activation during task as compared to resting and task residuals, indicating DMN responses to task events. Precuneus but not the PCC showed decreased activity during task residual as compared to resting. The latter finding was mirrored by fALFF, which is decreased in the precuneus during task residuals, as compared to resting and task. These results suggested that the low-frequency blood oxygen level-dependent signals of the precuneus may represent a useful index of effort during cognitive performance

The Photometric Investigation of V921 Her using the Lunar-based Ultraviolet Telescope of Chang'e-3 mission

The light curve of V921 Her in ultraviolet band observed by the Lunar-based Ultraviolet Telescope (LUT) is analyzed by the Wilson-Devinney code. Our solutions conclude that V921 Her is an early type marginal contact binary system with an additional close-in component. The binary system is under poor thermal contact with a temperature difference of nearly $700K$ between the two components. The close-in component contributes about $19\,\%$ of the total luminosity in the triple system. Combining the radial velocity study together with our photometric solutions, the mass of the primary star and secondary one are calculated to be $M_1 = 1.784(\pm0.055)M_\odot$, $M_2 = 0.403(\pm0.012)M_\odot$. The evolutionary scenario of V921 Her is discussed. All times of light minimum of V921 Her available in the bibliography are taken into account and the $O - C$ curve is analyzed for the first time. The most probable fitting results are discussed in the paper, which also confirm the existence of a third component ($P_3=10.2$ year) around the binary system. The period of V921 Her is also undergoing a continuously rapid increase at a rate of $dP/dt=+2.79\times{10^{-7}}day\cdot year^{-1}$, which may due to mass transfer from the less massive component to the more massive one

8,9-Isopropyl­idenedi­oxy-3-p-tolyl-1,6-dioxa-3-aza­spiro­[4.5]decane-2,10-dione

In the title compound, C17H19NO6, which may serve as a ketone catalyst for the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins, the crystal packing is consolidated by C—H⋯O inter­actions

Application of Poly (vinylbutyral) Nanocomposites in Environment Design

This text passed an adoption to totally mix a method to lead to make even PVB/SiO2 compound material into the nano SiO2 grain son in gather the PVB material.. With the UV-VIS, FT-IR, XRD, SEM etc. modern tested means token tiny view facial look, structure and optics function of material. Result enunciation:because the lead of the nano SiO2 grain son go into and make the compound material of the PVB/SiO2 have good ultraviolet rays to shield function; Meanwhile, the tenacity of material gets an obvious exaltation, it splits an elongation rate is 8 times than the for pure PVB material. Key words: nanocomposite; mixing process; nanometer silica; environment desig

A Study on the Design Thinking and Drawing of the Concept Development

This study was aim to examine the cognitive progress of graphic design involved in concept development. The results show that: (1) Cognitive progress can be observed from the design thinking and drawing patterns that emerge in designing works. The thinking activity was distinguished into general, experiential and evaluating thoughts, whereas drawing activity was categorized into graphic drawing and word description. (2) On the whole, more time was spent on general thought, less on experiential thought, and the least on evaluating thought. (3) There were three stages of concept development. General thought occurs more frequent in the initial stage while picture sketch takes place more frequent in the middle and final stages. In the other words, the process of the concept development was filled up via the concepts formed at first stage and translated into idea sketches at the next two stages

Nonlinear Ramsey interferometry with the Rosen-Zener pulses on a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate

We propose a feasible scheme to realize nonlinear Ramsey interferometry with a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate, where the nonlinearity arises from the interaction between coherent atoms. In our scheme, two Rosen-Zener pulses are separated by an intermediate holding period of variable duration and through varying the holding period we have observed nice Ramsey interference patterns in time domain. In contrast to the standard Ramsey fringes our nonlinear Ramsey patterns display diversiform structures ascribed to the interplay of the nonlinearity and asymmetry. In particular, we find that the frequency of the nonlinear Ramsey fringes exactly reflects the strength of nonlinearity as well as the asymmetry of system. Our finding suggests a potential application of the nonlinear Ramsey interferometry in calibrating the atomic parameters such as scattering length and energy spectrum.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figure

Measuring Pointwise V\mathcal{V}-Usable Information In-Context-ly

In-context learning (ICL) is a new learning paradigm that has gained popularity along with the development of large language models. In this work, we adapt a recently proposed hardness metric, pointwise $\mathcal{V}$-usable information (PVI), to an in-context version (in-context PVI). Compared to the original PVI, in-context PVI is more efficient in that it requires only a few exemplars and does not require fine-tuning. We conducted a comprehensive empirical analysis to evaluate the reliability of in-context PVI. Our findings indicate that in-context PVI estimates exhibit similar characteristics to the original PVI. Specific to the in-context setting, we show that in-context PVI estimates remain consistent across different exemplar selections and numbers of shots. The variance of in-context PVI estimates across different exemplar selections is insignificant, which suggests that in-context PVI are stable. Furthermore, we demonstrate how in-context PVI can be employed to identify challenging instances. Our work highlights the potential of in-context PVI and provides new insights into the capabilities of ICL.Comment: EMNLP 2023 Finding