Mask the Correct Tokens: An Embarrassingly Simple Approach for Error Correction

Text error correction aims to correct the errors in text sequences such as those typed by humans or generated by speech recognition models. Previous error correction methods usually take the source (incorrect) sentence as encoder input and generate the target (correct) sentence through the decoder. Since the error rate of the incorrect sentence is usually low (e.g., 10\%), the correction model can only learn to correct on limited error tokens but trivially copy on most tokens (correct tokens), which harms the effective training of error correction. In this paper, we argue that the correct tokens should be better utilized to facilitate effective training and then propose a simple yet effective masking strategy to achieve this goal. Specifically, we randomly mask out a part of the correct tokens in the source sentence and let the model learn to not only correct the original error tokens but also predict the masked tokens based on their context information. Our method enjoys several advantages: 1) it alleviates trivial copy; 2) it leverages effective training signals from correct tokens; 3) it is a plug-and-play module and can be applied to different models and tasks. Experiments on spelling error correction and speech recognition error correction on Mandarin datasets and grammar error correction on English datasets with both autoregressive and non-autoregressive generation models show that our method improves the correction accuracy consistently.Comment: main track of EMNLP 202

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Enhanced Bearing Fault Detection Using Step-Varying Vibrational Resonance Based on Duffing Oscillator Nonlinear System

Bearing is a key part of rotary machines, and its working condition is critical in normal operation of rotary machines. Vibrational signals are usually analyzed to monitor the status of bearing. However, information on the status of bearing is always buried in heavy background noise; that is, status information of bearing is weaker than the background noise. Extracting the status features of bearing from signals buried in noise is difficult. Given this, a step-varying vibrational resonance (SVVR) method based on Duffing oscillator nonlinear system is proposed to enhance the weak status feature of bearing by tuning different parameters. Extraction ability of SVVR was verified by analyzing simulation signal and practical bearing signal. Experimental results show that SVVR is more effective in extracting weak characteristic information than other methods, including multiscale noise tuning stochastic resonance (SR), Woods–Saxon potential-based SR, and joint Woods–Saxon and Gaussian potential-based SR. Two evaluation indices are investigated to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the fault detection capability of the SVVR method. The results show that the SVVR can effectively identify the weak status information of bearing

Improvement of Solder Joint Shear Strength under Formic Acid Atmosphere at A Low Temperature

With the continuous reduction of chip size, fluxless soldering has brought attention to high-density, three-dimensional packaging. Although fluxless soldering technology with formic acid (FA) atmosphere has been presented, few studies have examined the effect of the Pt catalytic, preheating time, and soldering pad on FA soldering for the Sn-58Bi solder. The results have shown that the Pt catalytic can promote oxidation–reduction and the formation of a large pore in the Sn-58Bi/Cu solder joint, which causes a decrease in shear strength. ENIG (electroless nickel immersion gold) improves soldering strength. The shear strength of Sn-58Bi/ENIG increases under the Pt catalytic FA atmosphere process due to the isolation of the Au layer on ENIG. The Au layer protects metal from corrosion and provides a good contact surface for the Sn-58Bi solder. The shear strength of the Sn-58Bi/ENIG joints under a Pt catalytic atmosphere improved by 44.7% compared to using a Cu pad. These findings reveal the improvement of the shear strength of solder joints bonded at low temperatures under the FA atmosphere

Tailoring the electronic conductivity of high-loading cathode electrodes for practical sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries

Sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) exhibit unparalleled application value due to the high ionic conductivity and good processability of sulfide solid electrolytes (SSEs). Carbon-based conductive agents (CAs) are often used in the construction of electronic conductive networks to achieve rapid electron transfer. However, CAs accelerate the formation of decomposition products of SSEs, and their effects on sulfide-based ASSBs are not fully understood. Herein, the effect of CAs (super P, vaper-grown carbon fibers, and carbon nanotubes) on the performance of sulfide-based ASSBs is investigated under different cathode active materials mass loading (8 and 25 ​mg·cm−2). The results show that under low mass loading, the side reaction between the CAs and the SSEs deteriorates the performance of the cell, while the charge transfer promotion caused by the addition of CAs is only manifested under high mass loading. Furthermore, the gradient design strategy (enrichment of CAs near the current collector side and depletion of CAs near the electrolyte side) is applied to maximize the benefits of CAs in electron transport and reduce the adverse effects of CAs. The charge carrier transport barrier inside the high mass loading electrode is significantly reduced through the regulation of electronic conductivity. Consequently, the optimized electrode achieves a high areal capacity of 5.6 ​mAh·cm−2 at high current density (1.25 ​mA·cm−2, 0.2 ​C) at 25 °C with a capacity retention of 87.85% after 100 cycles. This work provides a promising way for the design of high-mass loading electrodes with practical application value

Behavior of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder/Cu fluxless soldering via Sn steaming under formic acid atmosphere

Formic acid (FA) atmosphere is promising to achieve chemical reduction at the oxidized surfaces of the solder and matrix material during soldering, replacing chemical flux being challenging as the continuous decrease in the pitch of solder bump in a three-dimensional integrated circuit. Although a previous study observed the effect of Sn steaming on the wettability of the solder during FA soldering, it has not been understood yet by adequate studies. This study demonstrates the fluxless soldering behavior of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC) solder/Cu under FA atmosphere. Resembling vulcanian eruption Sn steaming occurred with a solid-state Sn and promoted Sn–Cu intermetallic compound (IMC) formations obviously at temperature (210 ° C) lower than the melting temperature of Sn (231 ° C). As indicated by in-situ observations, the IMC formations led to the final spreading area of solder under FA soldering was larger than that under the soldering with rosin mildly activated (RMA) flux. The wettability of SAC solder under FA atmosphere could be improved with continuous heating