14,534 research outputs found
Extension of the EZSMT Software System For Non-tight Constraint Answer Set Programs
Answer set programming (ASP) is a programming language that plays a critical role in the development of software applications in areas of science, humanities, and industry. Yet, it is faced with some challenges. Therefore, researchers develop a related paradigm called constraint answer set programming (CASP) to tackle several issues of ASP tools. Recently, a method is proposed to find solutions to CASP programs by using satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers. SMT solvers are high-performance systems stemming from the software verification community.
This SMT-based approach is implemented in a system called EZSMT, which often outperforms its peers. Yet, it has several limitations. For instance, it is unable to process a large class of programs called non-tight . This restriction does not allow users to express, for example, reachability relations between cities connected by roads on a map. Solving non-tight programs is important, because they are crucial in many applications.
In this work, we extend EZSMT for non-tight input. Our main contribution is designing an extension, which adds additional requirements into non-tight programs so that SMT solvers can be called to compute solutions correctly. We also extend the architecture of original EZSMT, in order to allow computation of multiple solutions.
Our experimental analysis shows that the extended EZSMT system is a viable tool when being compared to state-of-the-art CASP solvers CLINGCON and EZCSP. In summary, we believe that, by making clear the translation of arbitrary CASP programs to SMT, our work will boost the cross-fertilization between the two areas
SMT-Based Answer Set Solver CMODELS(DIFF) (System Description)
Many answer set solvers utilize Satisfiability solvers for search. Satisfiability Modulo Theory solvers extend Satisfiability solvers. This paper presents the CMODELS(DIFF) system that uses Satisfiability Modulo Theory solvers to find answer sets of a logic program. Its theoretical foundation is based on Niemala\u27s characterization of answer sets of a logic program via so called level rankings. The comparative experimental analysis demonstrates that CMODELS(DIFF) is a viable answer set solver
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Computation of the field in an axial gap, trapped-flux type superconducting electric machine
The Bulk Superconductivity Group at the University
of Cambridge is currently investigating the use of high temperature
superconductors in wire and bulk form to increase the
electrical and magnetic loading of an axial gap, trapped flux-type
superconducting electric machine. The use of superconducting
materials in electric machines can lead to increases in efficiency,
as well as power density, which results in reductions in both the
size and weight of the machine. In this paper, the authors present a
method to compute the field in such an electric machine generated
by an array of fully magnetized bulk superconductors. Analytical
expressions are derived for the field that would exist in the coil
region of the motor, which will act as a powerful tool for carrying
out parametric analysis of the motor’s design and performance.This work was supported in part by a Royal Academy of Engineering Research
Fellowship and by the China Scholarship Council.This is the accepted manuscript. The final version is available from IEEE at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6945871
Quantum electric-dipole liquid on a triangular lattice
Geometric frustrations and quantum mechanical fluctuations may prohibit the
formation of long-range ordering even at the lowest temperature, and therefore
liquid-like ground states could be expected. A good example is the quantum spin
liquid in frustrated magnets that represents an exotic phase of matter and is
attracting enormous interests. Geometric frustrations and quantum fluctuations
can happen beyond magnetic systems. Here we propose that quantum
electric-dipole liquids, analogs to quantum spin liquids, could emerge in
frustrated dielectrics where antiferroelectrically coupled small electric
dipoles reside on a triangular lattice. The quantum paraelectric hexaferrite
BaFe12O19, in which small electric dipoles originated from the off-center
displacement of Fe3+ in the FeO5 bipyramids constitute a two-dimensional
triangular lattice, represents a promising candidate to generate the
anticipated electric-dipole liquid. We present a series of experimental
evidences, including dielectric permittivity, heat capacity, and thermal
conductivity measured down to 66 mK, to reveal the existence of a nontrivial
ground state in BaFe12O19, characterized by itinerant low-energy excitations
with a small gap, to which we interpret as an exotic liquid-like quantum phase.
The quantum electric-dipole liquids in frustrated dielectrics open up a fresh
playground for fundamental physics and may find applications in quantum
information and computation as well.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure
Quantifying and monitoring functional Photosystem II and the stoichiometry of the two photosystems in leaf segments: Approaches and approximations
Given its unique function in light-induced
water oxidation and its susceptibility to photoinactivation
during photosynthesis, photosystem II (PS II) is often the
focus of studies of photosynthetic structure and function,
particularly in environmental stress conditions. Here we
review four approaches for quantifying or monitoring PS II
functionality or the stoichiometry of the two photosystems
in leaf segments, scrutinizing the approximations in each
approach. (1) Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are
convenient to derive, but the information-rich signal suffers
from the localized nature of its detection in leaf tissue. (2)
The gross O2 yield per single-turnover flash in CO2-enriched
air is a more direct measurement of the functional
content, assuming that each functional PS II evolves one
O2 molecule after four flashes. However, the gross O2 yield
per single-turnover flash (multiplied by four) could overestimate
the content of functional PS II if mitochondrial
respiration is lower in flash illumination than in darkness.
(3) The cumulative delivery of electrons from PS II to P700? (oxidized primary donor in PS I) after a flash is
added to steady background far-red light is a whole-tissue
measurement, such that a single linear correlation with
functional PS II applies to leaves of all plant species
investigated so far. However, the magnitude obtained in a
simple analysis (with the signal normalized to the maximum
photo-oxidizable P700 signal), which should equal
the ratio of PS II to PS I centers, was too small to match the
independently-obtained photosystem stoichiometry. Further,
an under-estimation of functional PS II content could
occur if some electrons were intercepted before reaching
PS I. (4) The electrochromic signal from leaf segments
appears to reliably quantify the photosystem stoichiometry,
either by progressively photoinactivating PS II or suppressing
PS I via photo-oxidation of a known fraction of
the P700 with steady far-red light. Together, these
approaches have the potential for quantitatively probing PS
II in vivo in leaf segments, with prospects for application
of the latter two approaches in the field
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