Use of policy, education, and enforcement to reduce binge drinking among university students: The NU Directions project

This paper describes a program, conducted over a 5-year period, that effectively reduced heavy drinking and alcohol-related harms among university students. The program was organized around strategies to change the environment in which binge drinking occurred and involved input and cooperation from officials and students of the university, representatives from the city and the neighborhood near the university, law enforcement, as well as public health and medical officials. In 1997, 62.5% of the university’s approximately 16,000 undergraduate student population reported binge drinking. This rate had dropped to 47% in 2003. Similar reductions were found in both self-reported primary and secondary harms related to alcohol consumption

Vitamin B 12 : A Tunable, Long Wavelength, Light-Responsive Platform for Launching Therapeutic Agents

ConspectusLight-responsive agents offer the promise of targeted therapy, whose benefits include (i) prolonged action at the target site, (ii) overall reduced systemic dosage, (iii) reduced adverse effects, and (iv) localized delivery of multiple agents. Although photoactivated prodrugs have been reported, these species generally require short wavelengths (<450 nm) for activation. However, maximal tissue penetrance by light occurs within the “optical window of tissue” (600–900 nm), well beyond the wavelength range of most existing photocleavable functional groups. Furthermore, since multidrug therapy holds promise for the treatment of complex diseases, from cancer to neurological disorders, controlling the action of multiple drugs via wavelength modulation would take advantage of a property that is unique to light. However, discrimination between existing photoresponsive moieties has thus far proven to be limited.We have developed a vitamin B12/light-facilitated strategy for controlling drug action using r..

A New Trick (Hydroxyl Radical Generation) for an Old Vitamin (B 12 )

Photolysis of hydroxocobalamin in the presence of plasmid DNA (pBR322) results in DNA cleavage. Temporal control of hydroxyl radical production and DNA strand scission by hydroxocobalamin was demonstrated using a 2-deoxyribose assay and a plasmid relaxation assay, respectively. The light-driven hydroxocobalamin-mediated catalytic formation of hydroxyl radicals was demonstrated using radical scavenging studies of DNA cleavage and via recycling of a hydroxocobalamin-resin several times without loss of efficacy

Tunable Visible and Near-IR Photoactivation of Light-Responsive Compounds by Using Fluorophores as Light-Capturing Antennas

Although the corrin ring of vitamin B12 is unable to efficiently absorb light beyond 550 nm, it is shown that commercially available fluorophores can be used as antennas to capture long-wavelength light to promote scission of the Co-C bond at wavelengths up to 800 nm. The ability to control the molecular properties of bioactive species with long visible and near-IR light has implications for drug delivery, nanotechnology, and the spatiotemporal control of cellular behavior

Merging of Confocal and Caging Technologies: Selective Three-Color Communication with Profluorescent Reporters

Falling apart, on cue: Signaling pathways often display a profound spatiotemporal component that is best studied using light-activatable reagents. Three separate photolabile moieties that can be distinguished based upon their response to three distinct wavelengths (360, 440, and 560 nm) have been synthesized and evaluated. This tri-color system is also applied to imaging in microwells and HeLa cells (see picture)

Economic Analysis of Knowledge: The History of Thought and the Central Themes

Following the development of knowledge economies, there has been a rapid expansion of economic analysis of knowledge, both in the context of technological knowledge in particular and the decision theory in general. This paper surveys this literature by identifying the main themes and contributions and outlines the future prospects of the discipline. The wide scope of knowledge related questions in terms of applicability and alternative approaches has led to the fragmentation of research. Nevertheless, one can identify a continuing tradition which analyses various aspects of the generation, dissemination and use of knowledge in the economy

Trends in template/fragment-free protein structure prediction

Predicting the structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence is a long-standing unsolved problem in computational biology. Its solution would be of both fundamental and practical importance as the gap between the number of known sequences and the number of experimentally solved structures widens rapidly. Currently, the most successful approaches are based on fragment/template reassembly. Lacking progress in template-free structure prediction calls for novel ideas and approaches. This article reviews trends in the development of physical and specific knowledge-based energy functions as well as sampling techniques for fragment-free structure prediction. Recent physical- and knowledge-based studies demonstrated that it is possible to sample and predict highly accurate protein structures without borrowing native fragments from known protein structures. These emerging approaches with fully flexible sampling have the potential to move the field forward

Comment letters to the National Commission on Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting, 1987 (Treadway Commission) Vol. 2

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