Formulation and Evaluation of Mesalamine Nanosphere Tablet

Nanospheres are the particles having the size range between 10-200 nm in diameter. Nanospheres can be amorphous or crystalline in nature and also they have the ability to protect the drug from enzymatic and chemical degradation. For the preparation of standard calibration curve of Mesalamine with Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and Absorbance of µg/ml solution was measured between 200-400nm by using Shimadzu 1601 UV/Vis double beam spectrophotometer. Nanosphare containing Mesalamine were prepared using nanoprecipitation method. 200 mg of polymer (Eudragit RS and L) was dissolve in 50 ml water. Drug was dissolve in 20 ml of methanol. Both solution were mixed and add 50 ml of water and stirred for half an hour. Methanol and water was evaporated under reduced pressure using rotary flash evaporator until 10 ml of solution was remaining. Than this suspension was centrifuge at 15000 rpm at 40C for half an hour. The supernatant was discarded and remaining portion was washed with distilled water. The nano-sphares was dried over night at 600C and stored in desiccators. The surface morphology (roundness, smoothness, and formation of aggregates) and particle size was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Zeta potential of the best formulation (F4) was determined by zeta potential probe model DT- 300. Mesalamimne, Dextrose and Lactose were taken in required quantities mixed and granulating agent (Starch past) was added and passed through #40 sieves, then lubricant magnesium stearate and talc was added then compressed into tablets by rotary tablet punching machine. Then film coating is done by 6% w/v solution of Cellulose acetate Phthalate in isopropyl alcohol using 2% tween-80 as plasticizer in coating pan. The weight of tablet was kept constant for all formulations. Nanosphare tablet formulation F-2 Showed maximum drug (97.75%) released and formulation F-4 showed 92.58% drug release. The In-vitro drug released study result showed that formulation F-2 96.58% drug was released after 17 hours which is highest drug release amongst all other tablet formulation. &nbsp

Correlation between Age, IPSS, Prostate size with histopathological findings and management of patients of prostatism

Introduction: Benign prostatic obstruction/enlargement (BPO/BPE) is one of the important aetiology for Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in men. Study has been planned to measure various parameters of bladder dysfunction by using Cystometry in patients of Prostatism and to find out correlation between various parameters like age, prostate size, IPSS, management of patients with Prostatism, choice of operative procedure performed and various histopathological findings. Methods: This was observational study. Total 75 patients with age> 50 year and IPSS > 19 having symptoms of Prostatism were included in the study. Patient detailed history was taken and demographic parameters with IPSS, histopathological findings, management plan, Ultrasonography findings were recorded in structured proforma. Results: It is seen that the maximum i.e. 39 (52%) cases of prostatism are observed in the age group of 60 to 70 years. The average age was 67.29 years. Maximum i.e. 31 (41.33%) cases of prostatism had prostate size in 50-70 gms.36 patients were managed by catheterisation while surgery was performed in remaining 39 patients. Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) was performed in 36 of 39 patients. IPSS was decreased significantly from average of 26 to average of 22 after 2 weeks of operation/catheterisation. Conclusion: Prevalence of BPE increases with age as there found to be positive correlation between age and Prostate size. TURP was preferred procedure in our tertiary centre for the treatment of BPE. Significant decrease in IPPS suggests improvement in symptoms of BPE after operation/catheterisation. Keywords:  Bladder outlet obstruction; Prostatism; International Prostate Symptom Score; Transurethral resection

Correlation between Age, IPSS, Prostate size with histopathological findings and management of patients of prostatism

Introduction: Benign prostatic obstruction/enlargement (BPO/BPE) is one of the important aetiology for Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in men. Study has been planned to measure various parameters of bladder dysfunction by using Cystometry in patients of Prostatism and to find out correlation between various parameters like age, prostate size, IPSS, management of patients with Prostatism, choice of operative procedure performed and various histopathological findings. Methods: This was observational study. Total 75 patients with age> 50 year and IPSS > 19 having symptoms of Prostatism were included in the study. Patient detailed history was taken and demographic parameters with IPSS, histopathological findings, management plan, Ultrasonography findings were recorded in structured proforma. Results: It is seen that the maximum i.e. 39 (52%) cases of prostatism are observed in the age group of 60 to 70 years. The average age was 67.29 years. Maximum i.e. 31 (41.33%) cases of prostatism had prostate size in 50-70 gms.36 patients were managed by catheterisation while surgery was performed in remaining 39 patients. Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) was performed in 36 of 39 patients. IPSS was decreased significantly from average of 26 to average of 22 after 2 weeks of operation/catheterisation. Conclusion: Prevalence of BPE increases with age as there found to be positive correlation between age and Prostate size. TURP was preferred procedure in our tertiary centre for the treatment of BPE. Significant decrease in IPPS suggests improvement in symptoms of BPE after operation/catheterisation. Keywords:  Bladder outlet obstruction; Prostatism; International Prostate Symptom Score; Transurethral resection

Characterization of Impurities in Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors by Profiling Techniques

There has been ever growing activity in impurities existing in pharmaceutical products as well as bulk drugs. According to a range of regulatory authorities, no longer solely purity profiles, however additionally impurity profiles, are now required. The technique facts for an individual impurity’s organic safety are recognized as impurity profiling. The many developments in analytical viewpoints of impurity profiling of anti-retroviral (ARV) medicines and products used to deal with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are described in this review. ARVs work using inhibiting unique ranges of the viral contamination cycle to produce therapeutic benefits. Thus, drug classes are stratified as nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs/NTRTIs), non-NRTIs (NNRTIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, viral fusion inhibitors, and protease inhibitors (PIs). In this overview predominant focal point given on class that is reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs). The wide variety of papers dealing with ARV drug impurity profiling is developing at an alarming pace. The cutting-edge overview article, which is based primarily on publications posted in the closing 15 years, tries to provide vast data concerning RTIs drug impurity profiling. RTIs which are labeled into two sub-categories, that is, NRTIs and NNRTIs. NRTIs pressure the HIV virus to use erroneous variations of building block, so contaminated cells cannot make more HIV and NNRTIs these are additionally referred to as “non-nukes.” NNRTIs bind to a precise protein so the HIV virus cannot make copies of itself. The investigatory overview might also furnish the complete important points to the researchers who are working in the region of impurity profiling of RTIs. To the most tremendous of our information, no overview until date noted to center of attention on impurity profiling of RTIs