2,465 research outputs found
Effects of lengthscales and attractions on the collapse of hydrophobic polymers in water
We present results from extensive molecular dynamics simulations of collapse
transitions of hydrophobic polymers in explicit water focused on understanding
effects of lengthscale of the hydrophobic surface and of attractive
interactions on folding. Hydrophobic polymers display parabolic, protein-like,
temperature-dependent free energy of unfolding. Folded states of small
attractive polymers are marginally stable at 300 K, and can be unfolded by
heating or cooling. Increasing the lengthscale or decreasing the polymer-water
attractions stabilizes folded states significantly, the former dominated by the
hydration contribution. That hydration contribution can be described by the
surface tension model, , where the surface
tension, , is lengthscale dependent and decreases monotonically with
temperature. The resulting variation of the hydration entropy with polymer
lengthscale is consistent with theoretical predictions of Huang and Chandler
(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,97, 8324-8327, 2000) that explain the blurring of
entropy convergence observed in protein folding thermodynamics. Analysis of
water structure shows that the polymer-water hydrophobic interface is soft and
weakly dewetted, and is characterized by enhanced interfacial density
fluctuations. Formation of this interface, which induces polymer folding, is
strongly opposed by enthalpy and favored by entropy, similar to the
vapor-liquid interface.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figure
Effect of Current Collector and Pyrolysis Temperature on the Electrochemical Performance of Photoresist Derived Carbon Films
SU-8, an epoxy based negative photoresist has been demonstrated as a potential precursor to fabricate thin films and three-dimensional micropatterned arrays in glassy carbon. However, the use of silicon wafer as a substrate cum collector limits their use in real battery devices. In accordance with the commercial lithium ion battery architecture and also owing to enhanced conductivity, we have successfully demonstrated the use of stainless steel (SS) wafer as a current collector to prepare binder free SU-8 derived carbon thin films. Standard carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) process parameters were tuned to obtain a uniform, crack-free carbon thin film on SS wafer upon pyrolysis. Further, we varied the final pyrolysis temperature to examine its effect on the microstructure and composition as characterized with X-ray diffraction, Small angle X-ray scattering, Raman spectroscopy and CHNS-O elemental analyzer respectively. The microstructural changes in the carbon films at different pyrolysis temperature were then correlated with their electrochemical performance as investigated using galvanostat charge/discharge experiments, impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Selection of an appropriate current collector and optimizing the pyrolysis temperature yielded excellent cyclic stability and coulombic efficiency with 400 mAh g−1 reversible capacity after 100 cycles, nearly double to as reported in the literature
Linear-in-frequency optical conductivity in GdPtBi due to transitions near the triple points
The complex optical conductivity of the half-Heusler compound GdPtBi is
measured in a frequency range from 20 to 22 000 cm (2.5 meV - 2.73 eV)
at temperatures down to 10 K in zero magnetic field. We find the real part of
the conductivity, , to be almost perfectly linear in
frequency over a broad range from 50 to 800 cm ( 6 - 100 meV) for
K. This linearity strongly suggests the presence of
three-dimensional linear electronic bands with band crossings (nodes) near the
chemical potential. Band-structure calculations show the presence of triple
points, where one doubly degenerate and one nondegenerate band cross each other
in close vicinity of the chemical potential. From a comparison of our data with
the optical conductivity computed from the band structure, we conclude that the
observed nearly linear originates as a cumulative effect
from all the transitions near the triple points.Comment: 5+ pages, 5 figures, band-structure and optical-conductivity
calculations adde
Two-channel conduction in YbPtBi
We investigated transport, magnetotransport, and broadband optical properties
of the half-Heusler compound YbPtBi. Hall measurements evidence two types of
charge carriers: highly mobile electrons with a temperature-dependent
concentration and low-mobile holes; their concentration stays almost constant
within the investigated temperature range from 2.5 to 300 K. The optical
spectra (10 meV - 2.7 eV) can be naturally decomposed into contributions from
intra- and interband absorption processes, the former manifesting themselves as
two Drude bands with very different scattering rates, corresponding to the
charges with different mobilities. These results of the optical measurements
allow us to separate the contributions from electrons and holes to the total
conductivity and to implement a two-channel-conduction model for description of
the magnetotransport data. In this approach, the electron and hole mobilities
are found to be around 50000 and 10 cm/Vs at the lowest temperatures (2.5
K), respectively.Comment: 6 page
Photoresist Derived Carbon Films as High Capacity Anodes for Lithium Ion Battery
An epoxy-based negative photoresist (SU-8) was spin-coated on
stainless steel (SS) wafers followed by two-step pyrolysis in inert
atmosphere to yield dense carbon films to be used as anodes for
lithium (Li) ion batteries. The selection of SS wafer substrates was
in accordance with commercial Li ion battery architecture. Cyclic
voltammograms confirm the passive layer formation by electrolyte
decomposition in the initial cycle. Galvanostatic charge/discharge
experiments in the range 0.01-3 V performed at a C-rate=0.1 C
confirms the reversible intercalation of Li ions and shows higher
gravimetric reversible capacity for these photoresist-derived
carbon films on SS wafer substrates than graphite (400 mAh/g vs.
372 mAh/g for graphite). This high reversible capacity may be
attributed to high disorder in photoresist derived-carbon as
characterized by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy
Large zero-field cooled exchange-bias in bulk Mn2PtGa
We report a large exchange-bias (EB) effect after zero-field cooling the new
tetragonal Heusler compound Mn2PtGa from the paramagnetic state. The
first-principle calculation and the magnetic measurements reveal that Mn2PtGa
orders ferrimagnetically with some ferromagnetic (FM) inclusions. We show that
ferrimagnetic (FI) ordering is essential to isothermally induce the exchange
anisotropy needed for the zero-field cooled (ZFC) EB during the virgin
magnetization process. The complex magnetic behavior at low temperatures is
characterized by the coexistence of a field induced irreversible magnetic
behavior and a spin-glass-like phase. The field induced irreversibility
originates from an unusual first-order FI to antiferromagnetic transition,
whereas, the spin-glass like state forms due to the existence of anti-site
disorder intrinsic to the material.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, supplementary material included in a separate
file; accepted for publication in PR
On the search for the chiral anomaly in Weyl semimetals: The negative longitudinal magnetoresistance
Recently, the existence of massless chiral (Weyl) fermions has been
postulated in a class of semi-metals with a non-trivial energy dispersion.These
materials are now commonly dubbed Weyl semi-metals (WSM).One predicted property
of Weyl fermions is the chiral or Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomaly, a chirality
imbalance in the presence of parallel magnetic and electric fields. In WSM, it
is expected to induce a negative longitudinal magnetoresistance (NMR), the
chiral magnetic effect.Here, we present experimental evidence that the
observation of the chiral magnetic effect can be hindered by an effect called
"current jetting". This effect also leads to a strong apparent NMR, but it is
characterized by a highly non-uniform current distribution inside the sample.
It appears in materials possessing a large field-induced anisotropy of the
resistivity tensor, such as almost compensated high-mobility semimetals due to
the orbital effect.In case of a non-homogeneous current injection, the
potential distribution is strongly distorted in the sample.As a consequence, an
experimentally measured potential difference is not proportional to the
intrinsic resistance.Our results on the MR of the WSM candidate materials NbP,
NbAs, TaAs, TaP exhibit distinct signatures of an inhomogeneous current
distribution, such as a field-induced "zero resistance' and a strong dependence
of the `measured resistance" on the position, shape, and type of the voltage
and current contacts on the sample. A misalignment between the current and the
magnetic-field directions can even induce a "negative resistance".
Finite-element simulations of the potential distribution inside the sample,
using typical resistance anisotropies, are in good agreement with the
experimental findings. Our study demonstrates that great care must be taken
before interpreting measurements of a NMR as evidence for the chiral anomaly in
putative Weyl semimetals.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure
CONCEPT OF AGNI AND AMA IN AYURVEDA - A BRIEF REVIEW
In our country since last few decades along with scientific and technological revolution a social revolution has also took place which ultimately has drastically changed dietary habits of society at large. This change in dietary habit has ultimately resulted in manifestation of many problems related to gastrointestinal tract.
Ayurveda, an ancient system of Indian medicine documented and practiced since 1500 B.C. deals with inter-individual variability for personalized and predictive medicine. In Ayurveda the concept of Agni is very specific one of its kind among other contemporary sciences. Concept of Agni is vividly discussed in Ayurveda as it is the most significant entity for maintaining health of an individual. In Ayurveda, Agnimandya is said to be the root cause of most of the diseases. Hence it is important to understand the basic nature of Agni so as to take care of it. In the present study we have reviewed the basic concept of Agni its types thoroughly and also discussed efficacy of some well-known approaches to treat Agnimandya on the basis of recent clinical studies
Not All Comments are Equal: Insights into Comment Moderation from a Topic-Aware Model
Moderation of reader comments is a significant problem for online news platforms. Here, we experiment with models for automatic moderation, using a dataset of comments from a popular Croatian newspaper. Our analysis shows that while comments that violate the moderation rules mostly share common linguistic and thematic features, their content varies across the different sections of the newspaper. We therefore make our models topic-aware, incorporating semantic features from a topic model into the classification decision. Our results show that topic information improves the performance of the model, increases its confidence in correct outputs, and helps us understand the model's outputs
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