Dyeing Chemicals

Dyeing auxiliaries play an important role in the determination of the final dyeing quality. The formation of additional complexes with dyes and auxiliary agents enhances the exhaustion of dyes on textile substrates. For aqueous-based dyeing, dye auxiliaries such as chelating agents, dispersing agents, leveling agents, electrolyte, pH control agents, and surfactants form complexes with the dye on natural and synthetic fibers. A growing awareness of the impact of industrial pollution on the environment became crucial for the dyeing industry in the closing decades of the twentieth century. These chapters discuss the characteristics of dyeing chemicals and how auxiliary substances can assist in achieving outstanding dyeing performance

A Comparative Study on Dyeing Properties of Hemp and Cotton Fiber

In this study, a mixed bi-functional reactive dye was applied to the cotton and hemp woven fabrics. Their dyeing and fastness properties were compared. From the results, it was observed that the cotton fabric exhibits better exhaustion and levelness than hemp woven fabrics. The build-up and fastness properties of the two woven fabrics appeared to be almost similar

Sustainable Textile Processing by Enzyme Applications

Enzymatic treatments have gained popularity in the textile industry because of environmental friendly and energy conserving alternatives. Advancement in biotechnology and modification of enzymes has been focused based on various textile process applications. All the manufacturing steps of textile chemical processing, enzymes are using for implementations of the green technology to meet up the challenge of fourth industrial revolution. In this category, amylases, peroxidase used for desizing and bleaching, cellulase activates for bio polishing and denim finishing. This chapter summarizes the current developments of enzyme technology and highlights the environment-friendly and sustainable enzymatic textile processing in the textile industry

FASTNESS PROPERTIES IMPROVEMENT OF FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS

The resistance of the material to a change of its color characteristics during exposure to sunlight, rubbing and washing as domestic and laundry and other various ways are referred to as color fastness of dyes or pigments. In this research, 100% cotton and blended fabrics were dyed with fluorescent pigments i.e. Shining Flu Pink-F17 and Papillion Orange-FGRN in exhaust dyeing method. The improvement of color fastness properties, i.e. color fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration and light were observed with the treatment of using antioxidants and UV-absorbers. There were eight samples of dyed fabrics (Four samples of 100% cotton knit fabric and four samples of 60/40 cottonpolyester blended fabrics) treated with 1% (v/v) of antioxidants i.e. Gallic acid, L-Ascorbic acid and UV absorbers i.e. 2-hydroxy-4 methoxy-benzophenone, 4-4 dimethoxy-benzophenone respectively. The treatment of antioxidant L-Ascorbic acid and UV absorber 4-4 dimethoxy-benzophenone provides satisfactory improvement of fastness properties than other antioxidants and UV absorbers. The results were mainly interpreted in terms of color strength, visual assessment of evenness and fastness ratings

Process Maximization of Salt Free Reactive Dyeing on Cotton using Taguchi Approach

This study optimized the salt free reactive dyeing process using the Taguchi approach. Dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes is popular because of its bright and brilliant color in various shade ranges. Cationization with ALBAFIX-WFF and the dyeing process on cotton fabric was carried out using the exhaust method. To determine the optimum process conditions, two types of multiple characteristic parameters, including the single characteristic value conversion method and the process maximization method, were used on the basis of color strength (K/S) and wash fastness. The single characteristic value conversion method confirmed that the optimum process condition was a cationization temperature of 40 °C and a dyeing pH of 11. Most importantly, the optimal conditions were confirmed by the process maximization method as a concentration of ALBAFIX-WFF 30 g/L, cationization temperature at 80 °C, dyeing pH 12, and material-to-liquor ratio (M:L) of 1:5.  More suitable dyeing properties are also achieved by the process maximization method

Nowe podejście do barwienia tkanin poliestrowych (PET) naturalnymi barwnikami kurkuminoidowymi w obecności nadkrytycznego dwutlenku węgla

The use of natural dyes has increased in the last few decades due to the eco-friendly approach of dyeing. There are still some limitations that are associated with natural dyes, such as dyeing efficiency, reproducibility of shades, process complexity, availability etc. The main problem associated with the dyeing property of natural dyes is “low exhaustion”. In this study, natural dyestuff from Curcuma longa L. was extracted and polyethylene terephthalate fabric was dyed with it in the same bath by employing the supercritical carbon dioxide method. The method was developed to improve the dye-ability of natural dyes and reduce the process time and effluent. Curcuminoid dye exhaustion on PET fabric showed almost 80% by using supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing methods, and the highest colour strength (K/S = 12) was obtained. Coloured polyethylene terephthalate fabric treated with supercritical carbon dioxide showed deeper shades (L* = 72.92) and better fastness properties as compared with high temperature exhaust dyeing methods.Dzięki przyjaznemu dla środowiska naturalnego podejściu do barwienia wzrosło w ciągu ostatnich kilku dziesięcioleci zastosowanie barwników naturalnych. Nadal istnieją pewne ograniczenia związane z naturalnymi barwnikami, takie jak wydajność barwienia, odtwarzalność odcieni, złożoność procesu, dostępność itp. Głównym problemem związanym z właściwością barwienia naturalnych barwników jest „niskie wyczerpanie”. W badaniu został wyekstrahowany naturalny barwnik z Curcuma longa L., następnie za jego pomocą zabarwiona została tkanina poliestrowa, przy zastosowaniu nadkrytycznego dwutlenku węgla. Metoda została opracowana w celu poprawy zdolności barwienia barwników naturalnych i skrócenia czasu procesu i zmniejszenia ilości ścieków. Wyczerpanie barwnika kurkuminoidowego na tkaninie poliestrowej wynosiło prawie 80%, a dzięki zastosowaniu nadkrytycznego dwutlenku węgla uzyskano najwyższą wytrzymałość koloru (K/S = 12). Barwiona tkanina poliestrowa poddana działaniu nadkrytycznego dwutlenku węgla wykazała głębsze odcienie (L* = 72,92) i lepsze właściwości odporności w porównaniu do barwionej w wysokich temperaturach przez wyczerpywanie barwnika z kąpieli

Investigating the Functional and Comfort properties of a Face Mask Based on a Coolmax® Blended Cotton Fabric

As the spread of Covid-19 has created a fatal threat to human survival, a comfortable and virus-deactivated functional face mask is extremely necessary. Herein, an appropriate thermally comfortable and highly breathable as well as virus-protecting functional knit fabric face mask was developed that consisted of multichannel PE Coolmax® yarn with cotton yarn. Due to the multichannel structure (four and six channels) of PE Coolmax® yarn with cotton yarn blended fabric, the fiber showed good filtration efficiency, air permeability, water vapour permeability and moisture management properties. In addition, the thermal conductivity and absorptive properties of the blended fabric based on the properties of PE Coolmax® yarn with cotton yarn make the face mask more comfortable for the user

Fabrication of UV-Protective Polyester Fabric with Polysorbate 20 Incorporating Fluorescent Color

Technological advancement leads researchers to develop multifunctional materials. Considering such trends, this study aimed to conjugate dual functionality in a single material to satisfy aesthetic and functional necessities. We investigated the potentiality of polysorbate 20 to perform as an effective ultraviolet absorber to develop UV-protective fabric. Coumarin derivative (Benzoxazolyl type) disperse dyes are well-known as fluorescent colors. On the other hand, luminescence materials are conspicuous and viable for fashion trends. Deliberate utilization of this inherent property of the dye and incorporation of polysorbate fulfilled the need for dual functionality. In addition, the knitted fabric structure enhanced wearing comfort as well. The effect of polysorbate consolidated the PET fabric as an excellent UV absorber, exhibiting an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of 53.71 and a blocking percentage of more than 95% for both UVA and UVB. Surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with attenuated mode was used to investigate chemical modification. Moreover, X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigated the crystallography of the surface. Reflectance spectrophotometric analysis unveiled the color strength (K/S) of the dyed polyester fabrics. Finally, light fastness assessment revealed that the developed samples could resist a certain amount of photo fading under a controlled testing environment with the increment of ratings towards betterment

Dyeing of Polyester with 4-Fluorosulfonylphenylazo-5-pyrazolone Disperse Dyes and Application of Environment-Friendly Aftertreatment for Their High Color Fastness

Dyeing and fastness properties of a series of 4-fluorosulfonylphenylazo-5-pyrazolone dyes on polyester were investigated in this study. The 4-nitrophenylazo-5-pyrazolone dyes were also synthesized to compare their dyeing and fastness properties on polyester with those of fluorosulfonyl-substituted analogues. The substantivity of 4-arylazo-5-pyrazolone derivatives containing a p-fluorosulfonyl group in the diazo component was lower than that of their nitro analogues which have a higher extinction coefficient and higher affinity because of the polar nitro group. They showed relatively hypsochromic color and lower chroma on polyester compared with their nitro analogues because of the relatively weaker electron-accepting power of the fluorosulfonyl group compared to the nitro group. Disperse dyeing of polyester with 4-fluorosulfonylphenylazo-5-pyrazolone disperse dyes achieved high color fastness and reduces the adverse environmental impact of the dyeing process by providing the option of performing alkali clearing instead of reductive clearing, which has high biological oxygen demand when discharged into the dyeing effluent and generates carcinogenic aromatic amines