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Prevalence and risk factors for bacterial vaginosis in sexually active females in age group 20-45 years and comparison of Amsel's criteria with Nugent's score

Background: In recent years Bacterial vaginosis has emerged as a global issue of concern due to its association with cervicitis, salphingitis, endometritis, postoperative infections, Urinary tract infections, pelvic inflammatory infections, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, abnormal Pap smears and increased susceptibility to HIV. Bacterial vaginosis is one of the most common lower genital tract infections among women of childbearing age and yet its diagnosis can be problematic. Gardnerella has been reported in upto 50% of women with no signs or symptoms of Bacterial vaginosis. So, it is important to know the prevalence and risk factors of Bacterial vaginosis, so that requirement of screening, early diagnosis and management can be planned.Methods: After obtaining ethical committee approval, hundred consenting patients between 20-45 yrs of women, diagnosis by Amsel’s criteria was done in gynaecology outpatient department and diagnosis by Nugent criteria was done in microbiology laboratory.Results: In present study authors had a prevalence of 37% and among them 48.65% were asymptomatic. Bacterial vaginosis was statistically significantly associated with multipara and the trend was more towards low socio-economic group and lower education. In our study we considered Nugent’s criteria as gold standard and found that Amsel’s criteria had positive predictive value = 88.88%, negative predictive value = 79.67%, sensitivity = 71.11% and specificity = 92.73%.Conclusions: Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 37%, which is a significant proportion and therefore screening for bacterial vaginosis may be useful to detect and treat the cases, larger trials are required before any recommendation can be made

Study of semen parameters in male partners among infertile couples

Background: The Semen analysis provides valuable information about the etiology and fertility potential of an infertile male. The study was conducted to determine the abnormalities in semen parameters of male partners of infertile couples and to find out contribution of male factors.Methods: The descriptive study with cross sectional design was conducted in the department of Pathology at MIMSR medical college, Latur, Maharashtra, India, between January 2013 to December 2014. A total of 220 cases were analyzed during this period. Semen analysis was performed according to the methods and the standards defined by World Health Organisation (WHO) 5th edition 2010.Results: Out of 220 male partners of infertile couples 96 (43.6%) men had abnormal semen parameters. The male factor was responsible in 43.6% of cases. Asthenozoospermia constitutes maximum of 19.9%, followed by Oligozoospermia in 18.6%, Azoospermia in 10.9%, Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia in 7.3% and Oligoasthenozoospermia in 6.8% cases. Leucocytospermia was detected in 15.5% cases.Conclusions: Abnormal semen quality remains a significant contribution to overall infertility. Asthenozoospermia is the most common semen abnormality seen

Diversity of Endophytic Actinomycetes From Wheat and Its Potential as Plant Growth Promoting and Biocontrol Agents

A total of 35 endophytic actinomycetes strains was isolated from the roots, stems and leaves tissues of healthy wheat plants and identified as Streptomyces sp. (24), Actinopolyspora sp. (3), Nocardia sp. (4), Saccharopolyspora sp. (2) Pseudonocardia (1) and Micromonospora sp. (1). Seventeen endophytic actinomycetes isolate showed abilities to solubilize phosphate and produce IAA in the range of 5 to 42mg/100ml and 18-42µg/ml respectively. Nineteen isolates produced catechol-type of siderophore ranging between 1.3-20.32µg/ml. Also, hydroxamate-type siderophore produced by 9 isolates in the range of 13.33-50.66µg/ml. Maximum catechol-type of siderophore production was observed in Streptomyces roseosporus W9 (20.32µg/ml) which was also displaying maximum antagonistic activity against ten different pathogenic fungi. The results indicated that internal tissues of healthy wheat plants exhibited endophytic actinomycetes diversity not only in terms of different types of isolates but also in terms of functional diversity

Epidural analgesia in labour and its obstetric outcome

Background: Labour is a natural phenomenon which produces intolerable pain that requires effective methods for pain relief which is often challenging and complex task without regional analgesia. Epidural analgesia is most widely accepted method used to reduce labour pain. Aims and objectives were assessment of epidural analgesia in pain relief during labour, duration of different stages of labour, maternal and foetal outcome. Methods: This study was a prospective observational study conducted at RL Jalappa Hospital, Kolar from January 2020 to June 2021. 40 women admitted for normal vaginal delivery opting labour analgesia were studied. Data collected was entered in Microsoft excel spread sheet and results were analysed. Results: The mean duration of first stage of labour was 153 minutes, mean duration of second stage was 30 minutes, and mean duration of third stage was 12 minutes. During first stage of labour, 20 women (52%) had no pain, 12 women (31%) had mild pain and 6 women (15%) had moderate pain. During second stage of labour, 16 women (42%) had mild pain, 15 women (39%) had no pain and 7 women (18%) had moderate pain. During third stage of labour, 30 women (78.9%) had no pain and 8 women (21%) had mild pain. The mean Apgar score of all babies at 1 minute was 7/10 and 5 minute was 9/10. Conclusions: Epidural analgesia is a safe and effective technique during labour and provides significant pain relief with excellent patient satisfaction.

Priority-based reserved spectrum allocation by multi-agent through reinforcement learning in cognitive radio network

Research in cognitive radio networks aims at maximized spectrum utilization by giving access to increased users with the help of dynamic spectrum allocation policy. The unknown and rapid dynamic nature of the radio environment makes the decision making and optimized resource allocation to be a challenging one. In order to support dynamic spectrum allocation, intelligence is needed to be incorporated in the cognitive system to study the environment parameters, internal state, and operating behaviour of the radio and based on which decisions need to be made for the allocation of under-utilized spectrum. A novel priority-based reserved allocation method with a multi-agent system is proposed for spectrum allocation. The multi-agent system performs the task of gathering environmental artefacts used for decision making to give the best of effort service in this adaptive communication

Effect of placental cord drainage on third stage of labour and in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: randomized control trial at tertiary care centre

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause associated with 25% of maternal mortality. Prolonged duration of third stage of labour accounts for postpartum hemorrhage. The new trend in third stage management is placenta cord drainage (PCD). The physiology of PCD is decrease in bulkiness of placenta which consequently increases the uterine contractility. Effective uterine contraction mostly shortens third stage duration and decrease the risk for PPHMethods: This study is a randomized control trial in which full term pregnant women admitted in labour unit at Sri Devaraj Urs medical college and research centre, Kolar, Karnataka. Total 80 women were included in this study. They were divided into two groups, control group and study group with n=40 in each group. Placental cord drainage was done in the study group. In the Group 1 placental end of the cut umbilical cord remained clamped. In the Group 2, the placental end of the cut umbilical cord unclamped immediately and collected in a vessel till the flow ceased. Thus, the drained blood was prevented from getting mixed with blood lost in the third stage. Blood lost in the third stage was collected in a clean drape sheet. Placenta was delivered by controlled cord traction after the signs of placental separation were seen. The duration of third stage was calculated using a stopwatch.Results: In our study, the mean duration of third stage of labour in control group was 6.58minute and in study group was 2.28 minutes. Significant statistical difference was found in duration of third stage of labour.Conclusions: PCD is noninvasive and safe intervention during third stage of labour and effective in reduction of incidence of postpartum hemorrhage

Feto-maternal outcome in patients with couvelaire uterus: a 3 year study in a tertiary care hospital in rural Karnataka, India

Background: Couvelaire uterus also known as uteroplacental apoplexy is a life threatening condition where abruptio placenta causes bleeding that penetrates into the uterine myometrium. It can only be diagnosed on direct visualization. Therefore, its occurrence is perhaps under reported and underestimated in the literature. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for couvelaire uterus and feto-maternal outcomes associated with couvelaire uterus in comparison with patients who presented with abruption without couvelaire uterus in a tertiary care hospital in rural Karnataka.Methods: All women who had abruptio placenta who were delivered by cesarean section were included in the study. Cases were women with couvelaire uterus and controls were women without couvelaire uterus observed intraoperatively during cesarean section.Results: Patients without couvelaire uterus had significantly more vaginal bleeding (22.2% vs 75%). However, patients with couvelaire uterus had a higher incidence of PPH (66.7% vs 28.6%), need for blood transfusion (5.9±3.2 pints vs 1.6±1.8 pints), DIC (22.2% vs 14.3%), maternal mortality (5.6% vs 0) and adverse neonatal outcome.Conclusions: We conclude that patients with couvelaire uterus had an increased risk of maternal complications such as postpartum hemorrhage and disseminated intravascular coagulation which resulted in increased need for blood transfusion, prolonged hospital stay and maternal morbidity and mortality. Present study further highlights that adverse neonatal outcomes such as low birth weight, low Apgar score and neonatal death were more frequently associated with couvelaire uterus. Thus, the presence of couvelaire uterus may be considered as a severe form of abruption and such patients should be anticipated for higher incidence and risk for maternal and neonatal morbidity

RANITIDINE CONTROLLED RELEASE ANTI-REFLUX SUSPENSION FOR GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE AND IT’S IN VITRO EVALUATION

Objective: The aim of this work was to develop triple action controlled release anti-reflux suspension of ranitidine and its in-vitro evaluation of anti-reflux and controlled release properties. Methods: The formulation was optimized using sodium alginate as a gelling agent along with calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide as alkalizing agents and colloidal microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a suspending agent at various concentrations and arrived at an optimized formulation for its best quality attributes. To avoid initial release in water before administration, ranitidine coated MCC sphere was incorporated into powder formulation and subjected to in vitro characteristics like raft strength, acid neutralizing capacity, pH, viscosity and dissolution study. The obtained results were assessed using Minitab 17 statistical software to conclude the study design. Results: Formulation containing 300 mg of ranitidine along with 750 mg alginate has shown better anti-reflux characteristics like raft strength 18±2g, acid neutralizing capacity 17±1 mEq compared to other formulations. This formulation has also shows zero-order controlled release in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF) up to 10 h compared to the formulation without alginate. Further, to this optimized formulation has shown negligible change in the assay of ranitidine even after 3 mo at 40 °C temperature and 75% RH. Conclusion: The developed stable sustained release powder for suspension has the combined therapeutic efficacy as an antacid and anti-reflux drug suitable for the management and treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) unlike the existing drugs possessing only reflux resistance action

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