47 research outputs found

    Intensity-dependent reflectance modulation of femtosecond laser pulses in GaAs nanocylinders with magnetic resonances

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    Abstract We experimentally demonstrate modulation of reflectance in periodic arrays of subwavelength gallium arsenide nanocylinders with Mie-type resonances due to absorption saturation and changes in the refractive index of the semiconductor material of metasurface. The intensity-dependent reflectance modulation of up to 30% in the vicinity of the magnetic dipole resonance at a low laser fluence below 200 μ J/cm 2 is shown by I-scan measurements

    Magnesium diboride superconductor: thermal stabilization and doping

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    The primary aims of this research were to (i) improve the thermal stability of MgB2 wires, and (ii) investigate the effects of different doping materials on the electromagnetic behaviour of MgB2 in wire form, enabling practical application of this superconductor. In this work, a pioneering results on the fabrication of Al-stabilized Fe-clad MgB2 wires have been presented. First, the Al-stabilized Fe-clad MgB2 wires were fabricated using the existing powder in tube method. The possibility of low temperature in-situ MgB2 formation, as well as the compatibility of the Fe barrier layer and the Al stabilizer at increasing fabrication temperatures of Al/Fe-clad MgB2 wires have been demonstrated. The range of optimal temperatures (600 - 630oC) and time of sintering (180 - 30 min) for production of Al-stabilized Fe-clad MgB2 wires were empirically observed. The main limitations of this method are (i) reduced density of the superconducting core during drawing of relatively soft Al metal, and (ii) degraded connectivity between Al and Fe metals, so that they are not suitable for fabrication of long MgB2 wires. Thus, a new approach towards fabrication of Al-stabilized MgB2 wires (namely the hot aluminizing technique) was developed. In this technique, fully optimized and in-situ reacted Fe/MgB2 wire was immersed in a molten Al bath, resulting in a uniform Al coating of Fe-clad MgB2 wire. As demonstrated, this approach does not result in any degradation of superconducting properties ofinal Al-stabilized Fe-clad MgB2 wires. However, this enables reduction of the Fe barrier thickness and good connectivity between Fe and Al sheath materials. Furthermore, this approach is easily applicable for simultaneous aluminizing and in-situ formation of MgB2 wires, which can even be extended to fabrication of Al-stabilized Fe/MgB2 coils. Although realization of Al-stabilized MgB2 wires is shown to be possible, future work on stabilization should be focused on increasing the Al thickness, reduction of the Fe barrier layer, and demonstration of the stability effects on Al/MgB2 wires, which has not been investigated due to limitations of available equipment. Fe-based doping of MgB2 wires was studied in order to demonstrate the feasibility of introducing magnetic pinning sites into the MgB2 system, and to confirm the-oretical studies predicting improvement of current carrying ability of (ferro)magnet/ superconductor hybrid systems. A systematic study of doping materials, which included nano-Fe, home-made Fe2B, and SiO2 coated Fe2B nanoparticles, was conducted, and the effects of the above-mentioned Fe-based dopants on the su-perconducting properties of MgB2 wires were investigated. The SiO2 coated Fe2B nanoparticles were employed in order to study the feasibility of insulating the fer- romagnetic inclusions and superconducting matrix, as well as to enabling more ho- mogeneous distribution of ferromagnetic particles in MgB2 superconducting wires. The severe suppression of critical temperature (Tc), critical current density (Jc), and upper critical field (Bc2) was observed for all magnetic dopants studied with the most detrimental effect coming from nano-Fe doping and to a lesser extent - from SiO2 coated Fe2B nanoparticles. The degradation of superconducting prop- erties due to Fe-based dopants was attributed to an increased level of impurity phases in MgB2 compound, as confirmed by x-ray diffraction studies. Analysis of the electromagnetic properties suggested that the dominant pinning mechanism is the pinning on grain boundaries (as in pure MgB2 compound), and thus, magnetic pinning was not achieved in the samples studied by introduction of these Fe-based dopants. It is likely that more homogeneous systems (such as thin flms) are required in order to demonstrate the benefits of superconductor/ferromagnet interactions predicted by theoretical investigations. The effect of polymer C-based dopants on the properties of MgB2 wires was systematically investigated. Electromagnetic characteristics (Bc2(T) and Jc(Ba), where Ba is an applied magnetic field) of Fe-clad MgB2 wires with an optimal level of doping material were systematically improved with increasing sintering temperature. The ability of polymer dopants to dissolve in liquid media (water or toluene) and cover B particles by thin layer of amorphous carbon before MgB2 formation has significant benefits for the fabrication of Fe-clad MgB2-xCx wires with en- hanced homogeneity and electromagnetic performance. The analysis of structural and electromagnetic changes in the Fe-clad MgB2 wires doped with C2H6Si polymer and C12H22O11 materials revealed that more C (compared to nano-C doping) is incorporated into the MgB2 crystal lattice on B sites during sintering, resulting in (i) some reduction of critical temperature (by about 2 K), but (ii) formation of a larger number of nanoscale structural defects, favoring pinning of magnetic vortices and leading to significant enhancement of the superconducting properties of the final Fe-clad MgB2-xCx wires. However, the results of this work indicate an emerging necessity to improve the density of MgB2-xCx in the wires in order to reach the superconducting properties obtained in the bulk samples. Another crucial issue is to reduce the level of MgO impurities which is a native impurity formation in any in-situ fabricated MgB2 compounds, although this level may also be increased by introduction of O-containing compounds (e.g. C12H22O11). As a result, suppressed current carrying ability was observed in C12H22O11 -doped MgB2 wires compared to the critical current density, Jc(Ba), of MgB2 wires with addition of oxygen free C2H6Si doping material. This observation confirms that, in spite of imperfectly connected MgB2 grains, flowing current is notably affected by the increased level of insulating MgO impurities that preferentially form at the grain boundaries. Results obtained in this work indicate that oxygen free C2H6Si dopant is to be the most optimal and thus promising for practical application of MgB2-xCx wires

    Identification of factors limiting the critical current density in MgB2 _xCx superconductors at low magnetic fields

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    Structural analysis and electromagnetic measurements have been performed on a range of samples prepared by the liquid mixing approach to doping MgB2 are sugar, malic acid, and polycarbosilane. The results obtained have allowed us to clarify the contributions of the factors limiting critical current at low magnetic fields in doped MgB2

    Superconducting properties of Al-stabilized MgB2 wires

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    FeMgB2 wires have been prepared using an in situ technique and the standard PIT method. Short samples of FeMgB2 wire were sintered at 750 C for 30 min and then coated with Al by a hot aluminizing technique. Transport critical current was measured by the pulsed method with voltage contacts attached directly onto the Al surface. The transport Jc of AlFeMgB2 wires reached 3 104 A/cm2 at 10 K and 5 T and 104 A/cm2 at 20 K and 5 T. The influence of the Al stabilizer on thermomagnetic instabilities and superconducting properties in the FeMgB2 wires is investigated

    Temperature effect on microstructure and electromagnetic performance of polycarbosilane and sugar-doped MgB2 wires

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    The effect of processing temperature on structural and superconducting properties of 10 wt.% sugar- and 10 wt.% PCS-doped MgB2 wires is systematically investigated. It is demonstrated that these dopants significantly enhance the electromagnetic performance of Fe-clad MgB2 superconductor and increase its potential for practical application. The enhancement of in-field critical current density (Jc(Ba)) and upper critical field (Bc2) is due to formation of a large amount of lattice defects caused by impurities and C substitution into the MgB2 crystal lattice. High temperature sintering of sugar-doped sample results in as high Bc2 value as 37 T (at 5 K), which correlates with higher level of C substitution into MgB2 crystal lattice in this sample. In contrast, for PCS doped MgB2 wire higher Bc2 value (32 T at 5 K) is observed at lower sintering temperatures. In spite of the fact that the level of C in the crystal lattice and Bc2 value are higher in the sugar doped MgB2 sample, this sample has lower Jc(Ba) when compared to the sample with PCS addition. We speculate that it is due to a higher level of MgO impurities in the sugar doped sample (18.6 wt.% compared to 9.15 wt.% in the PCS doped sample), which results in the dissipation of supercurrent flowing through this sample

    Mapping Asia Plants: The brief historical overview of botanical studies in European Russia

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    European part of Russia covers ~1/3 of Europe, an area of approximately 3742,000 sq km. Systematic floristic research of this area began in the 19th century, with the first complete flora of European Russia by Fedchenko and Flerov (1908–1910), which contained 3542 species and many varieties. The most important modern source of floristic information on this territory are Flora partis Europaeae URSS (Tsvelev et al., 1974–1989) with Flora of Eastern Europe (Tsvelev, 1996–2004), which contain about 7300 species. The most important macroregional floristic reviews are “Flora Regionis Boreali-Orientalis Territoriae Europaeae URSS” (Tolmachev, 1974–1977), 11th edition “Flora…” of P. F. Mayevsky (2014) and “Flora of the Lower Volga region” (Skvortsov and Reshetnikova, 2006–2018, not finished). Among 46 regions (cities of Moscow, Sevastopol, and St.-Petersburg are excluded), 22 have high quality modern floristic reviews, 11 regions have average reviews, and 13 regions have low quality reviews; 13 regions have modern floristic reviews in preparation

    Mapping Asia Plants: The brief historical overview of botanical studies in European Russia

    No full text
    European part of Russia covers similar to 1/3 of Europe, an area of approximately 3742,000 sq km. Systematic floristic research of this area began in the 19th century, with the first complete flora of European Russia by Fedchenko and Flerov (1908-1910), which contained 3542 spe -cies and many varieties. The most important modern source of floristic information on this territory are Flora partis Europaeae URSS (Tsvelev et al., 1974-1989) with Flora of Eastern Europe (Tsvelev, 1996-2004), which contain about 7300 species. The most important mac-roregional floristic reviews are Flora Regionis Boreali-Orientalis Territoriae Europaeae URSS (Tolmachev, 1974-1977), 11th edition Flora... of P. F. Mayevsky (2014) and Flora of the Lower Volga region (Skvortsov and Reshetnikova, 2006-2018, not finished). Among 46 re-gions (cities of Moscow, Sevastopol, and St.-Petersburg are excluded), 22 have high quality modern floristic reviews, 11 regions have average reviews, and 13 regions have low quality reviews; 13 regions have modern floristic reviews in preparation. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. CC_BY_NC_ND_4.
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