Training of Highly Qualified Scientific Personnel in Pedagogical Sciences: Retrospective Analysis (2011–2020)

Pedagogical sciences occupy a significant place in the system of training and certification of highly qualified scientific personnel. During the period from 2011 to 2020, about 10 thousand dissertations were defended in pedagogical sciences, which is 6.5% of the total number of defenses within the entire certification system. The subject of dissertations should correspond to the challenges of modern society and be aimed at the topical problems of youth education. The purpose of the study is a general assessment of the system of training and certification of candidates and doctors of pedagogical sciences, the development and testing of a method for identifying the mainstream in the subject of dissertation research and quantifying the implementation of priority pedagogical research directions in dissertation works for a ten-year retrospective period.The results of the analysis revealed a reduction in the number of dissertation defenses in pedagogical sciences, which is in line with the general trend of reducing defenses, aging of dissertation councils members, a small number of young doctors of sciences. Thematic analysis of dissertations has shown that research meets the challenges of modern society, while there is a slight thematic delay associated with the time duration of the procedure for preparing and defending a dissertation. The largest number of dissertations was devoted to various issues of higher education in comparison with the other levels of education. Among the academic disciplines, foreign language, mathematics, Russian language and computer science have gained the greatest popularity in the subject of dissertation research. The thematic mainstream includes the formation of professional and communication competencies

Harmonization of Postgraduate Training System with the Certification of Candidates of Sciences

Harmonization of Postgraduate Training System with the Certification of Candidates of Sciences The activities of the postgraduate school and the network of dissertation councils represent the stages of the trajectory of the formation of a researcher with an academic degree. This means that their activities should be coordinated. The article discusses several approaches to the harmonization: at the level of each organization – by the presence or absence of one of the participants in the trajectory, and at the thematic level. For each approach, statistical estimates of consistency are calculated, and cartographic representations of indicators in the context of the subjects of the federation are given. The analysis showed that, in general, there is a territorial alignment of the organizations for postgraduate student training with the organizations in which a candidate’s thesis can be defended

Discovery of metastable tetragonal disordered phase upon phase transitions in the equiatomic nanostructured FePd alloy

Specific features of the phase transformation 1 → L10 (space groups Fm3m and P4/mmm, respectively) in single crystals of the equiatomic alloy FePd subjected to annealings both in the absence and in the presence of external uniaxial load, as well as in polycrystalline samples that had undergone severe plastic deformation via high-pressure torsion and subsequent annealing, have been studied. An investigation of the single crystals in a nanostructured state formed at different stages of ordering annealing was performed using optical polarization, thermomagnetic and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The nanostructured state of the polycrystalline samples FePd after deformation of both disordered and ordered FePd alloys and subsequent annealing was examined with the help of TEM and X-ray techniques. The results obtained were analyzed based on the known concepts of the symmetry theory of phase transitions. It was concluded that the atomic ordering in the FePd alloys is preceded by the formation of a ferroelastic disordered body-centered tetragonal phase with the structural type 6 and the space group I4/mmm. Experimental data that evidence the existence of a tetragonal disordered phase both in the single crystals and in the polycrystalline samples of FePd after severe plastic deformation and subsequent annealing are reported. Thus, the A1 ↔ A6 ↔ L10 phase transformation represents a combination of different types of phase transitions such as cooperative displacement A1 ↔ 6 and ordering A6 ↔ L10 of atoms

Исследование влияния факторов на качество обслуживания пассажиров и эффективность использования подвижного состава

The tasks of transport planning are relevant for most countries and comprise implemenation of solutions at regional and local level. The development of transport planning documents in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is an acute problem and implies the achievement of such goals as improving the quality of passenger transportation and reducing transportation costs. Each of the transport planning documents includes a list of measures, the implementation of which improves the quality of passenger service and the efficiency of the use of rolling stock.The objective of the article is to determine the significance of the influence of technical and operational factors on the resulting indicators of passenger service quality and efficiency of rolling stock use. The research applied experiment planning method described in the work of Yu. P. Adler.The experiment planning method used makes it possible to obtain quantitative estimates of the influence of factors with the same reliability as with other methods. The evaluation was carried out for independent or conditionally independent factors. In the researched case, such factors comprise the number of buses on the route, the length of the route, the turnaround time, the downtime at the terminal points, the allowable deviation from the schedule, the work hours of the drivers, the zero mileage of all buses.Constants in the calculations are independent factors related to the characteristics of the demand for transportation, since when carrying out measures to improve the organisation of the work of buses on routes, they cannot be influenced. These factors comprise the walking distance on the route, the average travel distance of a passenger on the route and the passenger flow on the most loaded haul.The method is implemented in the article on the example of an operating bus on the route. For all basic factors, the upper, lower, and main levels are set. Based on the analysis of the actual values of technical and operational indicators on the existing routes of Moscow region, the numerical values of the above levels were determined. Next, the variation intervals for each factor were selected. An experiment in which all possible combinations of factor levels are implemented is known as a full factorial experiment. The coefficients calculated from the results of the experiment indicate the strength of the influence of a factor. The value of the coefficient corresponds to the contribution of this factor to the value of the optimisation parameter when the factor moves from the zero level to the upper or lower one.As a result of the research, it was found that five basic factors influence the time spent by a passenger, travel comfort, and the completeness of revenue collection, and ten factors affect the daily costs of servicing the route for a carrier. The specificity of the problem is that for all four optimisation parameters, one and the same matrix can be constructed. To conduct a full factorial experiment with varying ten factors at two levels, it is necessary to carry out more than a thousand calculation options. However, in accordance with the methodology, in this case, we can limit ourselves to the minimum number of calculations. On this basis, an experiment planning matrix was built, then, based on the results of calculations, the coefficients in the regression equations for each of the optimisation parameters can be determined. The regression coefficients obtained when calculating the experiment design matrix are similar to those that could be obtained as a result of calculations using the least squares method. Based on this, it is possible to calculate all the statistical characteristics of the basic factors necessary to determine the closeness of the relationship between the factors and optimisation parameters, as well as between the factors themselves.The experiment planning method used in the study made it possible to identify the factors influencing each of the four optimisation parameters. Therefore, the explicit dependence of the optimisation parameters on such a factor as the number of buses on the route was confirmed, but at the same time, the factors were ranked according to the degree of their influence on the result. The correspondence of the obtained results to real and obvious dependencies has allowed to conclude that the chosen method and its implementation are correct.Транспортное планирование представляет собой насущную для большинства стран задачу, включающую её реализацию на региональном и локальном уровне. Разработка документов транспортного планирования в субъектах Российской Федерации актуальна и предполагает под собой достижение таких целей, как повышение качества перевозок пассажиров и снижение расходов на перевозки. Каждый из документов транспортного планирования включает перечень мероприятий, при исполнении которых повышается качество обслуживания пассажиров и эффективность использования подвижного состава.Целью статьи является определение существенности влияния технико-эксплуатационных факторов на результирующие показатели качества обслуживания пассажиров и эффективность использования подвижного состава. В качестве метода определения использован метод планирования эксперимента, описанный в работе Ю. П. Адлера.Используемый метод планирования эксперимента даёт возможность получить количественные оценки влияния факторов с такой же достоверностью, как и при других методах. Оценка проведена для независимых или условно независимых между собой факторов. В данном случае такими факторами являются: число автобусов на маршруте, длина маршрута, время оборота, время простоя на конечных пунктах, допустимое отклонение от расписания, время работы водителей, нулевой пробег всех автобусов.Постоянными в расчётах принимаются независимые факторы, относящиеся к характеристикам спроса на перевозки, так как при проведении мероприятий по совершенствованию организации работы автобусов на маршрутах на них не может быть оказано влияние. Это такие факторы, как расстояние пешего хождения на маршруте, средняя дальность поездки пассажира на маршруте и пассажиропоток на максимально загруженном перегоне.Методика определения реализована в статье на примере действующего автобуса на маршруте. Для всех базовых факторов устанавливаются верхний, нижний и основной уровни. На основе анализа фактических значений технико-эксплуатационных показателей на действующих маршрутах Московской области определялись численные значения вышесказанных уровней. Далее выбирались интервалы варьирования для каждого фактора. Эксперимент, в котором реализуются все возможные сочетания уровней факторов, известен как полный факторный эксперимент. Коэффициенты, вычисленные по результатам эксперимента, указывают на силу влияния фактора. Величина коэффициента соответствует вкладу данного фактора в величину параметра оптимизации при переходе фактора с нулевого уровня на верхний или нижний.В результате исследований было установлено, что на затраты времени пассажира, комфортность поездки, полноту сбора выручки влияют пять базовых факторов, а на затраты перевозчика на маршруте в сутки влияют десять факторов. Специфика задачи состоит в том, что для всех четырёх параметров оптимизации можно построить одну и ту же матрицу. Для проведения полного факторного эксперимента при варьировании десяти факторов на двух уровнях необходимо провести более тысячи вариантов расчётов. Однако в соответствии с методикой можно ограничиться в данном случае минимальным количеством расчётов. На этом основании была построена матрица планирования эксперимента, по результатам расчётов которой могут быть определены коэффициенты в уравнениях регрессии для каждого из параметров оптимизации. Коэффициенты регрессии, получаемые при расчётах по матрице планирования эксперимента, схожи с теми, какие можно было бы получить в результате расчётов по методу наименьших квадратов. Исходя из этого можно рассчитывать все статистические характеристики базовых факторов, необходимые для определения тесноты связи между факторами и параметрами оптимизации и факторами между собой.Метод планирования эксперимента, применённый в исследовании, позволил выявить факторы, оказывающие влияние на каждый из четырёх параметров оптимизации. В результате была подтверждена явная зависимость параметров оптимизации от такого фактора, как число автобусов на маршруте, но вместе с тем были проранжированы факторы по степени их влияния на конечный результат. В то же время соответствие полученных результатов реальным и очевидным зависимостям позволяет сделать вывод о правильности выбранного метода и верной его реализации

Clinical features of kidney involvement in microscopic microscopic polyangiitis

Aim. To evaluate clinical features and outcomes of renal involvement in patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). Materials and methods: We enrolled 99 patients with MPA, diagnosed in accordance with the algorithm of the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) and the Chapel Hill consensus conference definition (2012). Serum creatinine (sCr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), hematuria and proteinuria were estimated. Frequency of rapidly progressive renal failure (a twofold increase in the sCr level in ≤3 months) was regarded as the clinical equivalent of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). Results and discussion. Renal involvement was present in 92 (92.9%) patients. RPGN developed in 51 (55,4%) patients. The most common features of kidney involvement were hematuria and subnephrotic proteinuria. Arterial hypertension was revealed in 32 (34.7%) patients and was associated with RPGN (

Postgraduate Training and Academic Degree Certification for Foreigners

Исследовательская статья. Целью написания статьи является анализ подготовки и аттестации кадров высшей научной квалификации из числа граждан иностранных государств в российских университетах за последние 5 лет. Поставленная цель достигнута путем использования обширного статистического материала по системе высшего образования, включая уровень аспирантской подготовки; по сети диссертационных советов. Предметная область охвата включает все уровни высшего образования; систему аттестации кадров высшей научной квалификации; территориальное распределение по странам студентов, аспирантов и соискателей ученой степени; российские университеты, обеспечивающие подготовку и аттестацию иностранных граждан. Результатом проведенного исследования является выявление Топ-10 стран, граждане которых в большей степени используют российскую систему присвоения ученой степени кандидата и доктора наук. В ходе исследования выявлено, что 41 % иностранных граждан закончил аспирантуру с защитой кандидатской диссертации, что в два раза выше общероссийского показателя (21 %). Как следствие, этот факт может служить обоснованием для увеличения в среднесрочной перспективе объемов подготовки аспирантов, а также кандидатов наук в российских университетах. Проведенное исследование послужит базисом для выработки управленческих решений на федеральном уровне по обоснованию целевых индикаторов программы «Развитие экспортного потенциала российской системы образования». Оригинальность и ценность статьи заключается во введении в научный оборот новых фактических сведений о деятельности системы подготовки и аттестации кадров высшей научной квалификации для граждан иностранных государств.The purpose of the article is to analyze training foreigners in Russian universities and conferring academic degrees to them during the latest five years. There has been used extensive statistical material on the system of higher education, including the level of postgraduate training and data on the network of dissertation councils. The subjects of the article include all levels of higher education, i. e. the system of certifying highly qualified scientific personnel, geographical distribution of students and postgraduates, Russian universities providing foreigners’ training and certification. The result of this research is the identification of top 10 countries using the Russian system of conferring academic candidate and doctor degrees. The study showed that 41 % of foreigners completed postgraduate studies with the defense of PhD thesis, which is twice as high as the average level of defenses in Russia (21 %). This fact can prove the necessity to increase in the medium term the number of PhD students and candidates of science in Russian universities. The study can also be a basis for developing managerial decisions at the federal level to work out the target indicators of the program «Development of the Export Potential of the Russian Education System». The article is approvingly supposed to introduce into the scientific circulation certain new factual data about the system of training and certifying higher scientific qualification staff, as provided for the foreigners.Статья подготовлена при выполнении проекта в рамках государственного задания Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации № 2.13261.2018/12.1

Relationship between serologic profile (ANCA type) and clinical features of renal involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitides

Objective. To compare the frequency, clinical features and outcomes of renal involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV) in patients with antibodies against proteinase-3 (pr3-ANCA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA). Materials and methods. In our retrospective study we enrolled 264 patients, 94 males and 170 females, median age 53 [36; 62] years. Among them 157 were pr3-ANCA positive and 107 were MPO-ANCA positive. AAV was diagnosed according to ACR criteria and Chapel Hill consensus conference definition (2012). Median follow up was 44 [18; 93] months. We assessed baseline BVAS and VDI by the end of the follow up. Serum creatinine (sCr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), hematuria and daily proteinuria were estimated. Diagnosis and stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) were established according to KDIGO guidelines (2012) and Scientific Society of Russian Nephrologists (2016). Results. Renal involvement was present in 181 (68.6%) patients, and its frequency was similar in pr3-ANCA and MPO-ANCA subgroups. Patients with MPO-ANCA developed rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and hypertension significantly more often than patients with pr3-ANCA: 50.7% vs 35.6% (p=0.049) and 46.1% vs 29.8% (p=0.029) respectively. At disease onset, median sCr was significantly higher and eGFR was significantly lower in patients with MPO-ANCA (

Importance of ophthalmological examination in pregnancy

Obstetricians interest to the eye pathology is connected with the choice of tactics while looking after women expecting babies and the way of their childbirth if the pregnant patients have any eye pathology. Nowadays this question is opened to discussion, according to the literature. The frequency of performing Caesarian section reaches 10-30% if expectant mothers have any eye disease. Nevertheless, the reason for surgical childbirth is retinal detachment or its threat in most cases. The most frequent reason for retinal detachment is vitreochorioretinal retinal dystrophy, that about 14,6% of women at childbearing age are often ill. In this article the facts concerning ophthalmologic inspections of pregnant women have been systematized. All the women expecting babies must be examined by ophthalmologist before 28-30 week of pregnancy and must be examined using ophthalmoscopy in condition of the highest possible medical midriatic. If retinal tears or retinal detachment are found, laser photocoagulation is strongly recommended. If pregnant women have from high to medium myopia, they must be examined every 3 months. The next ophthalmologic examination is recommended during 32-36 week of pregnancy . After that ophthalmologist makes the final conclusion about the choice of way of childbirth considering ophthalmologic indications. Despite the fact, that ophthalmologist makes the conclusion about the preferred method of childbirth, the decision in each specific case must be made advisory together with obstetrician-gynecologist, who supervises the pregnant woman.Интерес акушеров-гинекологов к глазной патологии связан с выбором тактики ведения беременности и способа родоразрешения при наличии офтальмопатологии. В настоящее время по данным литературы вопрос о способах родоразрешения беременных с патологией органа зрения остается дискутабельным. Частота проведения операции кесарева сечения при наличии глазных заболеваний достигает 10-30%. При этом в большинстве случаев причиной оперативного родоразрешения служит наличие отслойки сетчатки или ее угрозы. В свою очередь, наиболее частой причиной отслойки сетчатки является периферическая витреохориоретинальная дистрофия, которая у женщин фертильного возраста достигает 14,6%. В работе были систематизированы данные, касающиеся офтальмологического обследования беременных. Все беременные должны быть своевременно осмотрены офтальмологом на не позднее 28-30-ой недели беременности с обязательным проведением офтальмоскопии в условиях максимального медикаментозного мидриаза. При обнаружении разрывов или отслойки сетчатки показано проведение отграничивающей лазерной коагуляции. При наличии миопии средней и высокой степени беременных необходимо осматривать в каждом триместре. Повторный осмотр офтальмологом показан на 32-36-й неделе беременности, при этом делают окончательное заключение о выборе метода родоразрешения по офтальмологическим показаниям. Несмотря на то, что офтальмолог дает заключение о предпочтительном способе родоразрешения, решение в каждой конкретной ситуации следует принимать консультативно совместно с акушером-гинекологом, курирующим беременную

National Research Universities: Training of Highly Qualified Scientific Personnel under Development Programmes

In 2008–2009, 29 national research universities (NRU) with approved priority areas of development were established in Russia. In 2019 the ten-year program of development of NRU comes to an end. The article presents the results of the analysis of the national research universities’ activity of training scientific personnel for high-tech industries. Two indicators were calculated for each priority area of development of NRU reflecting the shares of defenses of candidate and doctor theses in the national research universities in relation to all thesis defenses. This made it possible to assess what leading positions in priority areas are occupied by the national research universities. The analysis showed that NRU do not provide leading positions to 30% of the priority areas of development. In general, most of the national research universities occupy high positions in certain (specific) priority areas of development in terms of training scientific personnel for high-tech sectors of the economy

METHOD TO EVALUATE THE POSSIBILITY OF ESTABLISHING DISSERTATION COUNCIL IN THE ORGANIZATION, ADMINISTERED BY THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The paper presents a methodology for evaluating the possibility of creating/ functioning of dissertation council in the organizations, administered by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation. According to the provisions governing the procedure for the creation of the dissertation council, the founder of the organization has to consent the opening of the dissertation council on the base of the organization. To do so, the founder must assess the level of qualification of the dissertation council. We propose method of this assessment. The method is based on indicators of scientific and human potential of the organization as a whole, and by the area of science and by scientific specialties, in comparison with the values of the indicators for all subordinate organizations. The technique offers a ranking of organizations and dividing them into three groups, which determine the possibility of establishing an independent and united dissertation council on the basis of the organization