Non-linear Oberbeck-electroconvection in a poorly conducting fluid through a vertical channel in the presence of an electric field

Non-linear Oberbeck-electroconvection (OBEC) in a poorly electrically conducting fluid through a vertical channel, when the walls are held at different temperatures with temperature difference perpendicular to gravity, is studied using the modified Navier stokes equation in the presence of both induced and an applied electric field. Both analytical and numerical solutions for the non-linear coupled equations governing the motion are obtained and found that analytical solutions agree well with numerical solutions for values of the buoyancy parameter N < 1. It is shown that OBEC can be controlled by maintaining the temperature difference either in the same direction or opposing the potential difference with a suitable value of electric number W. The effect of W on velocity, temperature, rate of heat transfer, skin friction and mass flow rate are computed and the results are depicted graphically. We found that analytical results agree well with numerical results for small values of N. We also found that an increase in W accelerates the flow and hence increases linearly the skin friction and mass flow rate. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Evaluating spatial and frequency domain enhancement techniques on dental images to assist dental implant therapy

Dental imaging provides the patient's anatomical details for the dental implant based on the maxillofacial structure and the two-dimensional geometric projection, helping clinical experts decide whether the implant surgery is suitable for a particular patient. Dental images often suffer from problems associated with random noise and low contrast factors, which need effective preprocessing operations. However, each enhancement technique comes with some advantages and limitations. Therefore, choosing a suitable image enhancement method always a difficult task. In this paper, a universal framework is proposed that integrates the functionality of various enhancement mechanisms so that dentists can select a suitable method of their own choice to improve the quality of dental image for the implant procedure. The proposed framework evaluates the effectiveness of both frequency domain enhancement and spatial domain enhancement techniques on dental images. The selection of the best enhancement method further depends on the output image perceptibility responses, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and sharpness. The proposed framework offers a flexible and scalable approach to the dental expert to perform enhancement of a dental image according to visual image features and different enhancement requirements

Synthesis of ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes with 2-monosubstituted and 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles

The reaction of the polymeric carbonyl complex RuCl 2(CO) 2 x with 2-monosubstituted and 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles and 1,4-bis(benzimi-dazol-2-yl)benzene (L 9) in 2-methoxyethanol produces various coloured complexes of the formulae Ru(CO) 2Cl 2(L) 2·xH 2O (L = 1-(o-hydroxybenzyl)-2- -(o-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole (L 1), 1-(o-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole (L 4), 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole (L 5), 1-(p-chlorobenzyl)-2-p-chloro-phenyl)benzimidazole (L 7), 1-1-(dimethylamino)benzyl-2-1-(dimethyl- amino)phenylbenzimidazole (L 10), x = 0; L = 2-benzylbenzimidazole (L 8), 1,4-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (L 9), x = 2; L = 1-(o-chlorobenzyl)-1-(o- -chlorophenyl)benzimidazole (L 6); x = 3), Ru(CO) 2Cl(L 2) 3Cl·3H 2O and Ru(CO) 2(L 3) 4Cl 2·3H 2O (L 2 = 1-(m-hydroxybenzyl)-2-(m-hydroxyphenyl)- benzimidazole; L 3 = 1-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, as well as infrared, electronic, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral studies. © 2009 Copyright (CC) SCS

Study of lipid and non-lipid effects of statins in hypertensive patients

Background: Hypertension is one of the commonest diseases affecting the mankind which is associated with endothelial dysfunction and left ventricular dysfunction and hence the study is aimed to observe the effects of statins on endothelial and left ventricular dysfunction.Methods: 15 hypertensive patients were given atorvastatin for 4 weeks and compared with sex and aged matched 15 controls after a detailed Clinical history, clinical examination, biochemical investigations, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and Doppler study of brachial artery.Results: Both study group and control group consisted of 10 males and 5 females who have dyslipidemia, endothelial and ventricular dysfunction. After a 4 weeks of study, in study group, flow mediated brachial artery diameter (FMD%) increased significantly (11.39%, P<0.01) from 7.37% to 18.76%, mean LV systolic function (EF) improved significantly (10.73%, P:<0.01) from 54.6% to 60.65%, LV diastolic function was normalized in 7 (46.67%) and improved in 5 (33.33%) patients, the mean systolic and diastolic BP decreased significantly (12.03%, P<0.01, 10.29%, P<0.01) from 149.66mmHg to 131.66mmHg and from 90.66mmHg to 81.33mmHg respectively, while in control group FMD increased marginally (1.07%) from 7.50% to 8.57%, LV EF marginally improved (1.47%) to 54.86% from 54.06%; no improvement in diastolic dysfunction, mean systolic and diastolic BP decreased marginally (6.25%, 0.74%) from 149.33 mmHg to 140mmHg and from 90.33mmHg to 89.66mmHg respectively.Conclusions: Statins improve not only lipid profile but also endothelial and LV functions which resulted in significant reduction of systolic and diastolic BP. Hence it is reasonable to treat all hypertensive patients with statins besides concurrent hypertension treatment

Study of glycemic response of oral anti-diabetic drugs in type 2 diabetic patients

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases associated with short term and long term avoidable complications. The treatment of T2DM often is initiated with monotherapy of oral antidiabetic drugs, which often do not decrease the plasma sugar levels effectively and consistently that will reduce the complications associated with T2DM. Hence the current study is aimed to determine the effectiveness of commonly available and affordable oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods: This study consisted of 210 T2 Diabetic patients, 120 males and 90 females with a mean age of 50.93yrs were divided equally into six groups with equal number of males and females in each group depending upon the OADs they received in solo or in combination for 24weeks. After the written consent, a detail Clinical history, Clinical examination, Biochemical investigations including, Fasting plasma sugar (FPS), Post prandial sugar (PPS), Glycosylated heamoglobin (HBA1c), serum Creatinine, serum Electrolytes, Chest X-ray PA view and standard ECG were done. Repeat FPS, PPS and HBA1c were done after 4, 12 and 24weeks of study.Results: After 4 weeks, FPS, PPS decreased significantly in combination therapy (p <0.05), while after 12weeks and 24weeks of study, FPS, PPS and HBA1c decreased significantly (p <0.01 to p <0.001 in both monotherapy and in combination therapy. Non-diabetic levels of plasma sugars were obtained in 25-45% with monotherapy and 37-57% in combination therapy. Metformin was an effective monotherapy to initiate treatment of T2DM, but eventually combination therapy was required in most of the patients. The combinations of metformin-teneligliptin and metformin-glimepiride were found to be most effective because of their favourable pharmacokinetic characters and complementary pharmcodynamic effects.Conclusions: OADs are affordable, effective hypoglycemic agents to initiate treatment as monotherapy and for subsequent treatment as combination therapy for T2DM

The role of serum magnesium level in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorder and leading cause of death and disability in the world. The incidence of diabetes is increasing globally and in India. Magnesium depletion has a negative impact on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hypomagnesaemia can lead to development of complications in diabetes. Hence there is need for the study to explore the status of magnesium in type 2 diabetes. Objectives: To estimate and compare the serum magnesium levels in type 2 diabetes patients with age/sex matched non diabetic controls.Methods: A case control study was done in randomly chosen 100 type 2 diabetic patients and 100 non diabetic age/sex matched controls. Estimation of serum magnesium was done by enzymatic end point method.Results: 37% of diabetic patients had low serum magnesium levels (Mg2+ level ≤1.5 mg/dL) and 9 % of controls had low serum magnesium levels. The mean serum magnesium levels were 1.96 ± 0.54 mg/dL and 2.375 ± 0.449 mg/dL in diabetics and controls respectively (P value <0.0001 highly significant). Hypomagnesaemia (Mg2+ level ≤1.5 mg/dL) was correlating with retinopathy (P = 0.041 significant).Conclusion: This study demonstrated that low serum Mg2+ status is common in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients when compared to non-diabetic controls. It may be prudent in clinical practice to periodically monitor plasma Mg2+ concentration in diabetic patients. If plasma Mg2+ is low, an intervention to increase dietary intake of magnesium may be beneficial to prevent the complications.

PROTECTING AND QUANTIFYING PRIVACY IN MOBILE CROWD THROUGH COLLABORATION

Security is the one of the most important issue that has attracted a lots of research and development effort in past few years. Location knows mobile phones helps different location based services (LBS). User sending a request to LBS server, while doing this type of request for information provides a private data by using data LBS can find a user. To overcome this drawback by proposing a user collaborative security protecting. We are not using a third party server. So by doing collaboration with Smartphone’s we can protect user’s information. This device stores a data in cache, if any one needs such a information so that time they can share it no need of sending a request to server. While doing like this we can protect users location information from servers. The result shows that, protecting a high fraction of location based information’s. Finally, our main implementation on smart phones shows that lightweight and low cost

Effect of ranolazine on HbA1c and blood glucose levels in diabetic patients with chronic angina

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and is one of the common co-morbid conditions associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). The overall prevalence of CAD is 7.4% but the prevalence of CAD in diabetics is 9%. Hence treatment of hyperglycemia is a key goal of secondary preventive therapy with a target of reducing HbA1c to <7%. The risk of CAD has been reported to occur 2 to3 decades prior in diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Hence discovery of drugs with potential role in both diabetes and CAD seems to be necessary. Ranolazine is a novel oral anti anginal drug known to reduce HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels in angina patients with diabetes. The objective of this study is to show the effect of ranolazine (antianginal drug) on HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic patients with chronic angina.Methods: Patients were divided into: Group 1 continued with previous antidiabetic drugs and antianginal drugs. Group 2 were prescribed Tab ranolazine 1000mg b.d (orally) as add on therapy along with previous antidiabetic drugs and antianginal drugs.Results: There was a significant reduction in HbA1c and FBS levels in Group 2 patients who were on ranolazine. Reduction of HbA1c in group1 and Group 2 was 0.21±0.65% and 1.30±1.16% respectively. Reduction of FBS in group1 and group2 was 10.66±27.80mg/dl and 29.97±31.49mg/dl respectively.Conclusions: From the present study we can conclude that ranolazine, an antianginal drug when given at a dose of 1000mg bd in diabetic patients with chronic angina reduces HbA1c and FBS levels.

Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of aqueous extract of Nerium oleander flowers in albino rats

Background: Anxiety has become a very important area of research interest in psychopharmacology as it affects one-eighth of the population worldwide. Benzodiazepines are still the most commonly used drugs for anxiety despite a number of side effects.There is a need for newer antianxiety drugs with increased safety and efficacy, hence this study was undertaken to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of Nerium oleander flowers.Methods: Aqueous extract of Nerium oleander flowers (NA) was prepared using soxhalet apparatus. A total of 24 Albino rats aged 8-10 weeks of either sex weighing about 100-150g were obtained and divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group I: Normal saline 10mL/kg. Group II: Diazepam 2mg/kg Group III: NA at a dose of 200 mg/kg Group IV: NA at a dose of 400mg/kg. The anxiolytic activity of Aqueous extract of NA was tested by elevated plus maze and digital actophotometer models. Data was analysed using one way ANOVA followed by Posthoc Tukey’s test.Results: In EPM model, the NA at 200, 400mg/kg doses showed that the number of entries and time spent in the open arms were increased significantly as compared to the control animals. (p&lt;0.001). In Actophoptometer model, two different doses of NA (200 and 400mg/kg) showed a dose-dependent decrease in the locomotor activity, when compared to the control animals (p&lt;0.001).Conclusions: Both the doses of aqueous extract of Nerium oleander flowers (200mg and 400mg/kg) possess anxiolytic activity and could be used as a new approach to treat anxiety

Formaldehyde tracking in a histopathology laboratory in a medical college

Background: Formalin 10% is a fixative agent used in pathology laboratories. Formaldehyde released from formalin is a strong irritant and a carcinogen. The lab personnel are exposed to 10% formalin preserved surgical and post-mortem tissue samples during the visual examination and grossing. The present study aims to assess the exposure to formaldehyde in a histopathology laboratory unit as well as the effectiveness of existing engineering/ventilation systems. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Formalin levels were measured using portable air quality/pollution meter which measures formaldehyde (HCHO) in terms of mg/m3 in the morning, noon, and evening in different areas for one month. Areas of rooms and ventilation were mapped. The level of formalin was noted before, during, and after the grossing procedure and compared with the reference values given in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and World Health Organisation (WHO). Results: Formaldehyde concentration ranged from 0.005 to 0.48 ppm (parts per million) in the grossing room and 0.002-0.010 ppm in the museum. Formaldehyde levels were highest in the morning and during grossing without using exhaust/ventilation and the levels reached minimum value within 15-20 minutes of switching on the existing control methods (exhaust fan of grossing station and opening of window panes). Conclusions: Formalin from the histology laboratories cannot be removed entirely but can be reduced sufficiently to lessen the risks to health by educating lab personnel and adopting appropriate control techniques