Secure Routing Protocol for Integrated UMTS and WLAN Ad Hoc Networks

The integrated UMTS and WLAN ad hoc networks are getting more and more popular as they hold substantial advantages by next generation networks. We introduce a new secure, robust routing protocol specifically designed for next generation technologies and evaluated its performance. The design of the SNAuth_SPERIPv2 secure routing protocol takes advantage to the integrated network, maintaining Quality of Service (QoS) under Wormhole Attack (WHA). This paper compares performance of newly developed secure routing protocol with other security schemes for CBR video streaming service under WHA

Establishing Chemical Mechanisms And Estimating Phase State Of Secondary Organic Aerosol From Atmospherically Relevant Organic Precursors

Organic aerosol (OA) is a ubiquitous component of atmospheric particulate that influences both human health and global climate. A large fraction of OA is secondary in nature (SOA), being produced by oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Despite the integral role of SOA in atmospheric processes, there remains a limited scientific understanding of the chemical and physical changes induced in SOA as it ages in the atmosphere. This thesis describes work done to increase the knowledge of processes and properties of atmospherically relevant SOA. In the work presented in this thesis, I have worked on improving an existing innovative, soft ionization aerosol mass spectrometer and utilized it to establish chemical mechanisms for oxidation of atmospherically relevant organic precursors (i.e., Green Leaf Volatiles). I discovered that SOA formation from cis-3-hexen-1-ol is dominated by oligomer and higher molecular weight products, whereas the acetate functionality in cis-3-hexenylacetate inhibited oligomer formation, resulting in SOA that is dominated by low molecular weight products. One of the most important factors contributing to uncertainties in our estimations of SOA mass in the atmosphere, remains our basic assumption that atmospheric SOA is liquid-like, which we have found to be untrue. Hence, I developed a methodology to estimate the phase state of SOA and identified new parameters that can have significant influence on the phase state of atmospheric aerosol. This simplified method eliminates the need for a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and directly measures Bounce Factor (BF) of polydisperse SOA using only one multi-stage cascade Electrostatic Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). The novel method allows for the real time determination of SOA phase state, permitting studies of the relationship between SOA phase, oxidative formation and chemical aging in the atmosphere. I demonstrated that SOA mass loading (CSOA) influences the phase state significantly. Results show that under nominally identical conditions, the maximum BF decreases by approximately 30% at higher CSOA and suggests that extrapolation of experiments not conducted at atmospherically relevant SOA levels to simulate the chemical properties may not yield results that are relevant to our natural environment. My work has provided a better understanding of the mechanisms of aerosol formation at atmospheric concentrations, which is necessary to understand its physical properties. This improved understanding is fundamental to accurately model aerosol formation in the atmosphere, and subsequently evaluate their large-scale effect on human health and environment

A randomized clinical study to compare pre-emptive analgesic efficacy of clonidine and diclofenac sodium in patients undergoing major surgeries at a tertiary care hospital

Background: Pre-emptive analgesia is a method to achieve analgesia even before exposure to a noxious stimulus The purpose of pre-emptive analgesia is to reduce pain caused due to surgical incision triggered inflammatory mechanism activation; and to ensure a good post-operative pain control so that there is no development of chronic pain. Clonidine is an α2 adrenergic agonist thus it decreases the sympathetic outflow, while Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Our literature review showed that both clonidine (150 μg) and diclofenac are efficacious pre-emptive analgesics. Literature review also revealed that there is no study available to compare pre-emptive analgesic efficacy as well as safety of oral clonidine with diclofenac, therefore present study was designed to compare pre emptive analgesic efficacy of these two drugs.Methods: This randomized clinical study included 100 patients from surgical departments, of either sex, between 18 to 70 years age and of American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) I/II grade. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups and received either of the treatments 30 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia. Pain scores were recorded using visual analog scale, facial rating scale and behavioral rating scale at awakening and at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours. Postoperative analgesic requirement over 24 hours was recorded. Data were analyzed using OpenEpi statistical softwares.Results: Significantly lower pain scores were observed in clonidine group as compared to Diclofenac at 4 and 6 hours (p<0.05) on all the pain scales. Clonidine group also required less postoperative analgesic as compared to diclofenac (p<0.05).Conclusions: Study results are strongly suggestive of greater pre-emptive analgesic efficacy of clonidine over diclofenac in major surgeries done under spinal anesthesia

Business Plan: 'The Future for MCC Developers Private Limited (2015-2018)'

MCC Developers Private Limited is a real estate company, undertaking development of residential group housing communities in Delhi-NCR, India. MCC was established in 2007. The aim of the business plan is to develop strategy for the company for the next three years 2015-18. The plan outlines the management capabilities, current and future industry trends, and future opportunities, based on which the strategy has been formulated

A Real Time Employee Attendance Monitoring System using ANN

Face recognition refers to the technology that examines and contrasts a person's face characteristics to recognise or verify their identity. Recently, this technology has drawn a lot of attention due to the potential uses it may have in security, marketing, and law enforcement. Face recognition involves studying a picture or video of a person's face to identify features like the space between their eyes, the contour of their nose, and the curve of their mouth. The person's identity is then established or verified by comparing these characteristics to a database of previously saved pictures. A series of techniques called facial recognition algorithms are used to identify and authenticate persons based on the features of their faces. These algorithms compare a person's facial attributes to those in a database of recognised faces by looking at things like the shape of their face, the distance between their eyes, and other distinctive facial features. There are many different types of face recognition algorithms, including geometric-based algorithms, appearance-based algorithms, and hybrid algorithms that combine both approaches. Geometric-based algorithms employ the geometry of face traits to identify and validate people, while appearance-based algorithms use image processing techniques to compare the patterns and textures of facial features. Recent advances in deep learning have significantly improved the accuracy of facial recognition algorithms. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has shown to be highly effective and have been used in a range of applications, including mobile devices, security, and surveillance. Face recognition algorithms provide advantages, but there are also moral dilemmas with regard to its application, such as potential biases and privacy difficulties. As technology advances, it is imperative to address these problems and ensure that face recognition algorithms are used ethically and responsibly

Generation of Electricity using Wind Energy Produced due to the Motion of Trains

The aim of this work is to generate free electricity for general use, through wind energy which is created due to the motion of trains. This is achieved by using a low friction ball bearing sensitive dynamo (22V, 100mA) with adjustments such that it can support a fan and using it practically as a small wind turbine. By creating a closely developed arrangements of many such dynamos around tracks, supported by feeding the outputs of all these dynamos systematically to a central electrical transmission line we can feed all the energy produced to a battery for further use. Keywords: Energy, Free, Electricity, Wind, Train