The Prevalence of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in Minced and Ground Beef in Iran

In this study, due to the importance of human societies, the prevalence of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in minced and ground beef was investigated in Qazvin city, Iran. All samples were collected randomly by sampling method. The number of samples taken was estimated based on statistical methods and according to previous studies. Clostridium difficile moxalactam norfloxacin (CDMN) culture media was used to isolate Clostridium difficile and TCS Agar and TPGY culture media was used for Clostridium perfringens. After isolation, a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test was used to confirm the species diagnosis. According to the results, 21.26% of all samples were infected with these two bacteria. The prevalence of Clostridium perfringens (18.04%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Clostridium difficile (3.22%). Given the results and the pathogenicity of Clostridium species, especially Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens, special attention should be paid to the methods reducing the contamination of these pathogenic bacteria in raw food

The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Sport Orientation of Higher Athletes Males in Confrontational Sports

Introduction: Undoubtedly, social and emotional abilities and competencies are the determinants factors and impact on the quality of social relationships and success in various spheres of life and career. Objective: This research investigates the relationship between emotional intelligence and sport orientation of male athletes of confrontational sports. Materials and Methods: The research methodology is measurement descriptive. Statistical population include all the higher male athletes of confrontational sports (Handball, Kungfo, Karate, Footstall, and Basketball) of Kurdistan province.in this regard, 100 cases participated. Statistical methods include Freedman tests, Pierson coefficient and sampling structural equation modeling. Results: The result showed self-regulation and wining interest, frequent choice of these athlete emotional intelligence and sport orientation components, respectively. Clearly, there is direct/positive significant relationship between emotional intelligence and sport orientation. Also, emotional intelligence can predicts sport orientation. Conclusion: Based on the findings in this research emotional intelligence one of the most important determinants of sports orientation and the results show that increasing the ability of orientation of the sports setting and the emotional intelligenc

The Prevalence of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in Minced and Ground Beef in Iran

ABSTRACT: In this study, due to the importance of human societies, the prevalence of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in minced and ground beef was investigated in Qazvin city, Iran. All samples were collected randomly by sampling method. The number of samples taken was estimated based on statistical methods and according to previous studies. Clostridium difficile moxalactam norfloxacin (CDMN) culture media was used to isolate Clostridium difficile and TCS Agar and TPGY culture media was used for Clostridium perfringens. After isolation, a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test was used to confirm the species diagnosis. According to the results, 21.26% of all samples were infected with these two bacteria. The prevalence of Clostridium perfringens (18.04%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Clostridium difficile (3.22%). Given the results and the pathogenicity of Clostridium species, especially Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens, special attention should be paid to the methods reducing the contamination of these pathogenic bacteria in raw food