Pathotype and racial diversity of Ascochyta rabiei isolates in the India

Ascochyta blight is the most destructive disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei, in areas where low temperature (15-25ºC) and high humid (>150mm rainfall) conditions during crop growth. The aim of the study was to determine the pathotypes and physiological races of thirty Ascochyta rabies isolates of India. Pathotypes and physiological races were identified using Ascochyta rabiei specific standard international chickpea differentials. Spore’s suspensions adjusted to 5×105 spores/ml using a haemocytometer and sprayed on 12 day old seedlings of differential lines. All the test isolates were classified into four pathotypes and five physiological races based on their aggressiveness and virulence, respectively. We found eight isolates (26.66%) from Pathotype I (Least aggressive), two isolates (6.66%) from Pathotype II (aggressive), fifteen isolates (50 %) from Pathotype III (more aggressive) and four isolates (13.33%) from pathotype IV (Highly aggressive, killed all the differentials). Predominant pathotype present in India was Pathotype III followed by pathotype I, Pathotype IV and Pathotype II. Five races such as Race 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were identified. The most predominant race was 5 followed by 1, 4, 7 and 6, respectively. Among the 30 Indian A.rabiei isolates tested for presence of mating types found in India through multiplex PCR, only MAT1-2 was found. The race 2 and 3 was not found in India and irrespective of locations multiple pathotypes and races have been identified. Authors are grateful to Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi for funding to carry out this researc

Зарубежный опыт в материальном стимулировании персонала

Материалы XVII Междунар. науч.-техн. конф. студентов, аспирантов и молодых ученых, Гомель, 27–28 апр. 2017 г

Reforms to Increase Teacher Effectiveness in Developing Countries: Systematic Review, September 2016

RLOsRLOsProvides high-quality evidence on reforms/interventions in education systems aimed at improving teacher effectiveness, at scale. This executive summary provides an overview of that key evidence to answer three review questions: RQ1. What is the evidence on the impacts of reforms/interventions of education systems, at scale, to increase teacher effectiveness on: the quality of teaching and on learning outcomes in low- and middle-income countries? RQ2. What is the evidence on the relationship between educational reforms/interventions for improving teacher effectiveness, at scale, and the quality of teaching and learning outcomes in low- and middle-income countries? RQ3. Where reforms/interventions to education systems to increase teacher effectiveness, at scale, have occurred, what is the evidence on how technical, financial and political barriers have been overcome?ESRC-DFI

Earthworm Grazed-Trichoderma harzianum Biofortified Spent Mushroom Substrates Modulate Accumulation of Natural Antioxidants and Bio-Fortification of Mineral Nutrients in Tomato

The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the impact of earthworm grazed and Trichoderma harzianum biofortified spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on natural antioxidant and nutritional properties of tomato. Results of the investigation reveal that earthworm grazing and T. harzianum bio-fortification led to significant improvement in the physico-chemical properties of fresh SMS and its application increased the accumulation of natural antioxidants and mineral content in tomato as compared to either T. harzianum biofortified SMS or fresh SMS. In particular, the earthworm grazed, T. harzianum biofortified SMS (EGTHB-SMS) was found to inhibit lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation with significant increase in total polyphenol and flavonoid content in tomato. Further, it increased Fe2+/Fe3+ chelating activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity compared to other treatments. The results thus suggest an augmented elicitation of natural antioxidant properties in tomato treated with EGTHB-SMS, resulting in a higher radical scavenging activity, that is highly desirable for human health. In addition, the use of SMS to enhance the nutritional value of tomato fruits becomes an environment friendly approach in sustainable crop production

Algorithms for Computing the Capacity of Markov Channels with Side Information

Consider a finite state, irreducible Markov channel $\lbrace{S_k}\rbrace$. At time k the channel output $Y_k$ depends only on the channel input $X_k$ and the channel state $S_k$. Let $U_k$ and $V_k$ be the CSIT (channel state information at transmitter) and the CSIR (CSI at receiver) respectively. In this paper we provide algorithms to compute the capacity of the Markov channel under various assumptions on CSIT and CSIR where the assumption P(S_k= s\mid\[U_1^k)=P(S_k{\mid}U_k)\] in [1] is not necessarily satisfied. Our algorithms are based on the extension of ideas developed in [3] for channels with feedback