CHROMATOGRAPHY: INTRODUCTION OF IMPORTANT SEPARATION METHODS AND MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR ADJUSTMENT OF COLUMN PARAMETERS AND FLOW RATE IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TO REDUCE ANALYSIS TIME AND COST

Chromatographic techniques play a major role in the pharmaceutical industries for separation, including clinical applications, environmental applications, forensics, food analysis, and the analysis of biological samples. Different chromatographic techniques are available for analysis, like TLC, HPLC, UPLC, GC, LCMS, ion exchange, affinity, and Size exclusion chromatography, etc. In each chromatographic technique, the movable (Mobile) phase and fixed (Stationary) phases play a major role in the separation of mixture compounds. In Liquid chromatography, the “small particle size” of the stationary phase increased the performance of chromatographic separation after adjustment in Column parameters (length & internal diameters), resulting in reduced analysis time, consumption of chemical/Solvent, and Cost of analysis which is support to Green Chemistry. Isolation of content depends on partitioning between mobile and stationary phases which is completed with the help of Vander Waals' forces through dipole-dipole, dipole-induce dipole, л-complex bonding, hydrogen bonding interaction, adsorption/desorption, Physico-chemical interaction, capillary ways holding-bonding pattern, size and shape pattern, and ligand-receptor phenomena. In all the above techniques the movable phase is liquid or gas whereas the stationary phase contains solid material and solid support coated with a liquid material

Spinodal Phase Separation in Liquid Films with Quenched Disorder

We study spinodal phase separation in unstable thin liquid films on chemically disordered substrates via simulations of the thin-film equation. The disorder is characterized by immobile patches of varying size and Hamaker constant. The effect of disorder is pronounced in the early stages (amplification of fluctuations), remains during the intermediate stages and vanishes in the late stages (domain growth). These findings are in contrast to the well-known effects of quenched disorder in usual phase-separation processes, viz., the early stages remain undisturbed and domain growth is slowed down in the asymptotic regime. We also address the inverse problem of estimating disorder by thin-film experiments.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure

Development of Paver Block by Using Foundry Sand Based Geopolymer Concrete

Foundry sand is high quality silica sand with uniform physical characteristics. It is a byproduct of ferrous and nonferrous metal casting industries, where sand has been used for centuries as a molding material because of its thermal conductivity. Applications of foundry sand in Geopolymer Paver block, which is technically, sound, environmentally safe for sustainable development. In this study, partially replacement of fine aggregate in Geopolymer paver block by used foundry sand for determining the change in the compressive strength of paver blocks and cost of paver block. Partial replacement of fine aggregate in different percentage as like 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%,80% and 100%. The compressive strength has been determined at the end of 7, 14 and 28 days and water absorption test has been determined at 28 days

Adsorptive behavior, isothermal studies and kinetic modeling involved in removal of divalent lead from aqueous solutions, using Carissa carandas and Syzygium aromaticum

This study is focused on the biosorption of lead(II) ion onto surface of Carissa carandas and Syzygium aromaticum biomass from aqueous solution. The operating parameters, pH of solution, biomass dosage, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature considerably affect the biosorption efficiency of Pb(II). Biosorbent C. carandas leaf powder showed higher sorption efficiency than that of biosorbent S. aromaticum powder under identical experimental conditions. It was observed that the lead(II) removal percentage was found highest of 95.11% for C. carandas and 91.04% for S. aromaticum at contact period of 180 min. Also, it was observed that the regression coefficient (R2 = 0.99) for the pseudo-second-order kinetic model is higher in comparison with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the calculated value of qe for the pseudo-second-order kinetic model is very close to the experimental value, which indicates that it fits well with the equilibrium data for Pb(II) sorption from aqueous solutions on biosorbents. Also, the adsorption of Pb(II) onto C. carandas was best described by the Freundlich isotherm model

Removal of divalent nickel from aqueous solutions using Carissa carandas and Syzygium aromaticum: isothermal studies and kinetic modelling

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