Detection of Equine Herpesvirus Infection: Sensitivity Assay of Polymerase Chain Reaction

The study was designed to identify the potential diagnostic tool with minimum detection limit in a clinical sample for Equine Herpesvirus Strain -1. An approach of molecular diagnostics was used using reported primers of polymerase chain reaction using in the sample obtained from repository. The PCR primers were specific to ORF 16 gene of EHV-1. Sensitivity assay of PCR detection was performed by making dilutions of EHV-1 positive DNA sample and running each dilution in a PCR and visualizing amplicons in ethidium bromide stained agarose gel under UV radiation. Study was valuable in determining the efficiency of PCR for quick and reliable source as disease survilance.disease surveillance is as equal important as treatment, Without surveillance and diagnostics it is not possible to prevent and control any disease. Key words: EHV-1, Equine Herpes Virus; PCR, Polymerase Chain reaction, ORF 16

Clinical Evaluation of Xylazine-Butorphanol-Guaifenesin-Ketamine as Short-Term TIVA in Equines

Xylazine (1.1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg), guaifenesin 5% (20 mg/kg), and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) combinations were able to induce short-term surgical anaesthesia for 23.33 ± 2.57 min in Spiti ponies with excellent to good muscle relaxation and analgesia. Urination and neighing was a constant feature during recovery period. Biphasic P wave, biphasic T wave, and depressed PR segment were common electrocardiographic findings. Biochemical attributes were within physiological limits except a significant increase in ALT values during anaesthesia. The values returned to normal during recovery ruling out any renal or hepatic toxicity. Occasionally, negative T wave, notched P wave, and sinus block were noticed. It is recommended that the anaesthetic combinations xylazine-butorphanol-guaifenesin-ketamine can be safely used for short-term total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in equines under field conditions

Sensitivity Assay of Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Canine Adeno Virus Infection in Dogs

This study was done with the approach of finding out minimum detection limit of canine adeno virus in clinical samples using Polymerase chain reaction.A polymerase chain reaction was performed using reported primers for detection of Canine Adeno Virus (CAV) in the blood sample obtained from different regions of India. Detection and surveillance of desease very important for diagnosis and prevention of Disease.40 samples were screened for CAV infection in a time period of six months. DNA extracted from samples used as templet in PCR reaction using primers specific to E3 gene forward primer ICHA and reverse primer ICHB of CAV1 and CAV2 virus gives a band size of 508 bp which should be the size of amplified product. Positive sample of CAV in PCR were taken for study. Assay was performed using multidilution of extracted DNA of positive sample each dilution were used as template for PCR reaction .End point of the dilution obtained where no band was visible in agarose gel when visualize in geldoc system, same DNA was used for dilutions to check repeatability of PCR .Ten replicate PCR reactions were Studied. The detection limit find was at the dilution of 1:1000 is 0 .20 ng per ?l The study was valuable in determining the efficiency of PCR for detection of CAV Virus in clinical samples. Key words:Canine Adeno Virus (CAV), reported primers, clinical samples, Infectious canine hepatitis, utilizing reported primer

Unveiling the Marvels of Indian Wetlands: Distribution, Ecological Importance, Challenges, and Conservation

Comparable to tropical evergreen forests or coral reefs, wetland ecosystems are among the most dynamic and productive ecosystems on the planet. A region's dynamism may have a substantial impact on its ecological sustainability. Exploring the distribution, range, categorization, ecological functions, biological variety, and dangers to India's wetland diversity is the goal of this article. The management of irrigation water, groundwater, fisheries, non-timber forest products, water supply, recreation, and pollution control through carbon sequestration, flood control, nutrient cycles are just a few of the essential ecological services that wetlands typically provide for sustainable development in many areas. However, the growing anthropogenic activity in and around the wetlands put them under ongoing stress, which is seen as a reduction in area and has a severe impact on their hydrological, ecological, and economic functions. Wetlands are one of the most imperilled ecosystems due to the global decline in their number. India has 75 wetlands that are currently recognised as Ramsar sites, with a total coverage of roughly 1.09 million hectares and an estimated 757.06 thousand wetlands, making up around 4.7% of the total land area. India has the most wetlands in South Asia, and it sustains nearly a fifth of the region's total biodiversity. Unfortunately, between 35–60% of India's wetlands have been lost over the course of the last 40 years, necessitating the creation of new conservation techniques and a rethinking of the laws governing their protection

IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF WHOLE PLANT OF LEPTADENIA PYROTECHNICA

The free radical scavenging potential of methanolic extract of Leptadenia pyrotechnica was studied on in vitro antioxidant models. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by determining the activity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals scavenging and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In all these studies, a significant correlation existed between concentrations of the extract and percentage inhibition of free radicals. The extract was also shown to have high phenolic content i.e. 99.09±0.10 μg/mg. These results clearly indicated that MELP could be a potential source of natural antioxidant and effective against free radical mediated diseases. Keywords:   Antioxidant, In vitro, Lagenaria siceraria, Reactive oxygen specie

HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF WHOLE PLANT EXTRACT OF LEPTADENIA PYROTECHNICA AGAINST PARACETAMOL INDUCED DAMAGE IN RATS

The liver serves as a processing laboratory, redistribution centre and a receiving depot of the body. In the light of these roles, the effect of methanolic extract of whole plant of Leptadenia pyrotechnica on paracetamol induced liver damage in wistar rats was assessed. paracetamol (500mg/kg,p.i) was used to induce hepatotoxicity. Eighteen  (18) albino rats of wistar strain (150-200gm) were used for the studies and were divided into 3 groups of six (6) rats per each. Group A served as control and received vehicle, group B (paracetamol treated), and group C (extract and paracetamol treated groups). The administered was done via oral gavages with methanolic extract of whole plant of Leptadenia pyrotechnica at 150ml/kg/day body weight daily, the administration of the extract lasted for saventh (7) days period after which the animals sacrificed, blood and tissue were obtained for biochemical and histological analysis. Serum enzyme assay results reveals methanolic extract of whole plant of Leptadenia pyrotechnica recorded a marked reduction in the elevated activities of the hepatic enzymes viz; SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Total bilirubin levels of rats. More so, the micrograph of paracetamol group compared with control group showed evidence of liver necrosis as indicated by distended hepatocytes, compression of sinusoids, fatty change and vacuolation of cytoplasm. The treated groups of the extract generally showed mild defects when compared with the control group. It is however interesting to know that the 100% Leptadenia pyrotechnica treated group showed a healthy liver cells as in the case with the control groups. Hence, from the above findings, it is obvious that methanolic extract of whole plant of Leptadenia pyrotechnica has hepatoprotective and hepatocurative potentials in hepatocellular disorders. Keyword: Leptadenia pyrotechnica, hepatoprotective activity and paracetamol

Burden and determinants of anaemia among in-school young adolescents in Ethiopia, Sudan and Tanzania.

Anaemia among adolescents is a global health problem. However, evidence regarding its burden and risk factors, particularly for younger adolescents and in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), remains scarce. We aimed to assess the prevalence and potential determinants of anaemia among urban and semi-urban in-school young adolescents in Ethiopia, Sudan and Tanzania. We conducted a school-based survey among 3558 adolescents aged 10-14 years. A capillary blood sample was used to assess haemoglobin concentration. We assessed anaemia prevalence and examined associations between measures at the individual, household and school levels and anaemia using Poisson regression models adjusted for school and country-level clustering. The prevalence of anaemia was 32.0% overall, and 10.8% in Ethiopia, 25.0% in Sudan and 58.3% in Tanzania. Being a boy [adjusted risk ratio (RR): 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-1.15, p < 0.001], poorer diet quality (RR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02-1.23 p = 0.015), no school handwashing stations (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.20-1.32, p < 0.001) and food insecurity (RR for moderate/severe anaemia: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02-1.10, p = 0.002) were associated with increased anaemia risk. Younger age (RR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.96, p < 0.001) and increasing height-for-age z-score (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.91-0.95, p < 0.001) were associated with decreased anaemia risk. Associations were consistent for moderate or severe anaemia. There was no evidence of effect modification by sex. This study highlights anaemia as a public health problem and identified nutritional, dietary and hygiene measures as key risk factors of anaemia among young adolescents in SSA. School-based interventions addressing these factors could reduce the burden of anaemia in adolescence

Enthalpies of mixing of binary mixtures of some aromatic amines with carbon tetrachloride and ethanol at 321.35K

515-517Enthalpies of mixing (hm) of aniline (A), N-methylaniline (MA) o-chloroaniline (CA) with carbon tetrachloride and ethanol have been determined at 321.35K. The hm values are positive for all the systems over the entire composition range. The endothermicity varies with the nature of amines, being A> MA> CA in CCl4 binaries and MA> A> CA in C2H5OH binaries. A fairly good agreement is found between the experimental and theoretical values of hm calculated from Flory’s theory

Sensitivity assay of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Canine Parvo Virus infection in dogs

This study was done with the approach of finding out minimum detection limit of canine adeno virus in clinical samples using Polymerase chain reaction.A polymerase chain reaction was performed using reported primers for detection of Canine Adeno Virus (CAV) in the blood sample obtained from different regions of India. Detection and surveillance of desease very important for diagnosis and prevention of Disease.40 samples were screened for CAV infection in a time period of six months. DNA extracted from samples used as templet in PCR reaction using primers specific to E3 gene forward primer ICHA and reverse primer ICHB of CAV1 and CAV2 virus gives a band size of 508 bp which should be the size of amplified product. Positive sample of CAV in PCR were taken for study. Assay was performed using multidilution of extracted DNA of positive sample each dilution were used as template for PCR reaction .End point of the dilution obtained where no band was visible in agarose gel when visualize in geldoc system, same DNA was used for dilutions to check repeatability of PCR .Ten replicate PCR reactions were Studied. The detection limit find was at the dilution of 1:1000 is 0 .20 ng per ?l The study was valuable in determining the efficiency of PCR for detection of CAV Virus in clinical samples. Key words:Canine Adeno Virus (CAV), reported primers, clinical samples, Infectious canine hepatitis, utilizing reported primer

Electroluminescent characteristics of bis(5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinolinato)- zinc(II) complex

A zinc(II) complex with 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline has been used as emitting material to produce yellow light. On excitation by UV light at 385 nm, thin film of the complex fluoresced at 550 nm. Multilayer organic electroluminescence devices fabricated using this fluorescent material produce emission with good chromaticity (CIE coordinates x = 0.313 and y = 0.576). Maximum luminance of 466 cd/m2 is achieved when 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane is used as dopant in 4,4-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]biphenyl at 12 V. The devices show typical non-linear diode current-voltage characteristics under forward bias with the threshold voltage of 6V. The CIE coordinates are found to be independent of the operating voltage