Resilience analysis: a mathematical formulation to model resilience of engineering systems

Resilience of engineering systems is related to their ability of absorbing both gradual and abrupt changes under exposure conditions and rapidly recover from disruptions. In this thesis, we develop a general stochastic formulation to model the recovery process and quantify system's resilience. In particular, we develop models for time-dependent capacity of a system and the imposed demand, under joint effects of recovery and shock deterioration processes. Using the developed models, a recovery curve is formulated in terms of system's reliability, functionality and work progress. Furthermore, we propose a novel approach for resilience analysis by defining measures to capture characteristics of recovery curves. The proposed approach makes a distinction in resilience of systems with different recovery patterns. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the application of the model

Recovery Optimization of Interdependent Infrastructure: A Multi-Scale Approach

2) modeling the associated service recoveryand 3) developing a computationally manageable approach for the recovery modeling and optimization. This paper presents a novel multi-scale approach for the post-disaster recovery modeling and optimization of interdependent infrastructure. The multi-scale approach facilitates the recovery modeling and enables developing recovery strategies that are feasible to implement and easy to communicate. To enhance regional resilience, the paper integrates the recovery modeling into a multi-objective optimization problem. The optimization problem aims to schedule the required recovery activities such that disrupted services are restored as fast as possible, while minimizing the incurred cost. In the optimization problem, resilience metrics are introduced to monitor and quantify service recovery. The optimization problem is subject to recovery scheduling and network flow constraints, where each is formulated as a nested optimization. The multi-scale approach to the recovery optimization highlights the role of infrastructure at multiple scales to achieve selected recovery objective(s). As an illustration, the proposed approach is used to optimize the post-disaster recovery of interdependent infrastructure in a virtual community testbed.Rapid post-disaster recovery of infrastructure is necessary for prompt societal recovery. Regional resilience analysis can promote mitigation and recovery strategies that reduce the spatial extent and duration of infrastructure disruptions. Three significant challenges in regional resilience analysis are 1) modeling the physical recovery of infrastructureThis work was supported in part by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) through the Center for Risk-based Community Resilience Planning under Award No. 70NANB15H044 and by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Award No. 1638346. Opinions and findings presented are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1-(6-bromobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(disubstituted methylene) hydrazine derivatives

Synthesis of a series of various 1-(6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(disubstitutedmethylene)hydrazine derivatives (7a-7e)have been done. Synthesis of a series of intermediates (3 and 5) have been also done, 6-bromo-1,3-benzothiazole-2-amine (3), 2-hydrazino-6-bromo-1, 3-benzothiazole (5) and final product (7a-7e), 1-(6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(diphenylmethylene) hydrazine (7a), 1-(6-bromobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(propan-2-ylidene) hydrazine (7b), (E)-2-(butan-2-ylidene)-1-(6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazine (7c), (Z)-1-(6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(cyclohexylmethylene) hydrazine (7d), 2-(6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1-(7,7- dimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-ylidene)hydrazine (7e). Spectral analysis of all intermediates and final products has been done by IR and NMR. After spectral analysis, antibacterial activity has been screened against S. aurius and E. coli bacterias

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1-(6-chlorobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(disubstituted methylene) hydrazine derivatives

Synthesis of a series of various 1-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(disubstitutedmethylene)hydrazine derivatives (7a-7e)have been done. Synthesis of a series of intermediates (3 and 5) have been also done, 6-Chloro-2-amine-1,3-benzothiazole (3), 2-hydrazino-6-chloro-1, 3-benzothiazole (5) and final product (7a-7e), 1-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(diphenylmethylene) hydrazine (7a), 1-(6-chlorobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(propan-2-ylidene) hydrazine (7b), (E)-2-(butan-2-ylidene)-1-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazine (7c), (Z)-1-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(cyclohexylmethylene) hydrazine (7d), 2-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1-(7,7- dimethylbicyclo [2,2,1] heptan-2-ylidene)hydrazine (7e). Spectral analysis of all intermediates and final products has been done by IR and NMR. After spectral analysis, antibacterial activity has been screened against S. aurius and E. coli bacterias

Synthesis of 2, 5-disubstituted-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives

Synthesis of a series of various 2, 5-disubstituted-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives (7a-7u) have been done. Synthesis of a series of intermediates (3a-3c and 5a-5c) have been also done, ethyl-2-phenoxyacetate (3a), ethyl 2-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate (3b), ethyl 2-(4-nitrorophenoxy) acetate (3c), 2-phenoxyacetohydrazide (5a), 2-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) acetohydrazide (5b), 2-(4-nitrophenoxy)acetohydrazide (5c), and final product (7a-7u), 2-(phenoxymethyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (7a), 4-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline  (7b), 3-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl) aniline (7c), 2-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7d), 2, 4-dinitro-6-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7e), 2-(4-(methylthio)benzyl)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7f), 2-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7g), 4-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7h), 3-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7i), 2-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7j), 2-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol (7k), 2-((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-(4-(methylthio)benzyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7l), (Z)-2-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-styryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7m), (S)-4-(2-(5-((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propyl)phenol (7n), 2-((4-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (7o), 4-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7p), 3-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7q), 2-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7r), 2, 4-dinitro-6-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7s), 2-(4-(methylthio) benzyl)-5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7t), (Z)-2-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-5-styryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7u) and 5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (7v)

Biological Evaluation of Novel Synthesized 2, 5-disubstituted-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives

Synthesis of a series of various 2, 5-disubstituted-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives (7a-7v) have been done previously. These novel synthesized derivatives (7a-7v) have been tested for their antibacterial activity against Gram +ve S. aureus and Gram -ve E. Coli bacterias by broth dilution method. A comparative study has been done for all derivatives.  Based on the visual turbidity, the  MIC of the evaluated molecules has been studied, the evaluation concentration was used single therefore, the exact MIC could not determined and results are represented in less than and more than based on growth of microorganism. To get more exact MIC of the tested molecules need to be evaluated at low concentration. Further testing for all compounds at lower concentrations is required to compare their activity with standard Streptomycin at its MIC to get exact MIC the synthesized compounds. Previously novel synthesized derivatives are; 2-(phenoxymethyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (7a), 4-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline  (7b), 3-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl) aniline (7c), 2-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7d), 2, 4-dinitro-6-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7e), 2-(4-(methylthio)benzyl)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7f), 2-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7g), 4-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7h), 3-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7i), 2-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7j), 2-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol (7k), 2-((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-(4-(methylthio)benzyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7l), (Z)-2-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-styryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7m), (S)-4-(2-(5-((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propyl)phenol (7n), 2-((4-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (7o), 4-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7p), 3-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7q), 2-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7r), 2, 4-dinitro-6-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7s), 2-(4-(methylthio) benzyl)-5-((4-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7t), (Z)-2-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-5-styryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7u) and 5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (7v)

A real-time portable tunable diode laser spectroscopy system using the TMS320F28377D digital signal processor for gas sensing applications

Tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS) is a well established technique in the field of gas sensing. The features of this technique such as higher sensitivity, selectivity, negligible cross sensitivity and calibration free make this technique a reliable solution for measurement of gas parameters such as mole fraction, pressure, temperature and velocity. TDLS with direct detection and wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is being used extensively for various gas sensing applications such as greenhouse gas detection, industrial process monitoring, gas leaks detection, food quality assessment, pollution monitoring, interplanetary gas detection, high temperature measurement in the combustion environment etc. Along with the laser and photodetector, the electronics required for TDLS system are function generator, digital storage oscilloscope (DSO), lock-in amplifier and a computer. Laser and photodetector are small in size. However the electronics prevent the system to deploy for the field applications because electronics are bulky, costly and also consume more electrical power. To make the system field deployable as well as mountable on to the unmanned air vehicle (UAV), the electronics must be replaced by a single digital signal processor (DSP) board. So, this work mainly focuses to develop a compact TDLS system for airborne applications. A digital signal processor TMS320F28377D of Texas Instruments has been selected for this work. Simultaneous generation of required waveform for scanning and modulation of laser wavelength and acquisition were developed. Filtering as well as averaging were implemented to keep the functionality same as DSO. Simulation of absorption lineshape functions such as Lorentzian, Gaussian and Voigt were performed using TMS320F28377D. The simulation with 900 points of Lorentzian lineshape function requires processing time of 458 ms. An algorithm for direct detection has been designed and implemented for real time gas parameters measurement. For two parameter estimation (mole fraction and pressure), a least mean square (LMS) algorithm has been implemented to perform real time fitting of simulated gas line to experimentally acquired gas line. This LMS requires 16 seconds of processing time to adapt a change in the mole fraction of 0.8%. The sensor shows an uncertainty of 0:1 bar in the measurement of pressure whereas an uncertainty of 0:02% is shown for the measurement of mole fraction. The time resolution of 16 sec has been achieved with variable size least mean square algorithm (VS-LMS) which is good enough for slowly varying process like atmospheric gas monitoring. The developed direct detection algorithm has been performed with four different lasers in the lab. Field measurements using a 1392 nm DFB laser for ambient water vapour measurement is also performed at two different locations one at IITGN campus and second at Ramnagar, Ahmedabad. Temperature measurement using ratio of two integrated absorbance is also done using two absorption line of water vapour. However, TDLS direct detection offers a low detection sensitivity. For most of the trace gas detection applications, the sensitivity is required in parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) range. Therefore, to increase the detection sensitivity, wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is used. TDLS-WMS requires a lock-in amplifier which is narrow band pass filter used to improve the signal to noise ratio. Therefore, a lock-in amplifier with simultaneous ramp and sinusoid generation is implemented using DSP board. It is capable of extracting different harmonic components at different phases though some improvements are required.by Neetesh Kumar SharmaM.Tech

Current scenario of ambient carbon dioxide levels at multiple locations in urban Ahmedabad revealed by a 2004 nm tunable diode laser spectroscopy system

This paper reports the design and deployment of a portable tunable diode laser spectroscopy system for in situ measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Recent measurements made at three busy locations in urban Ahmedabad in India reveal that the mean values of mole fraction of carbon dioxide are significantly higher than the global average of 406.05 ppm. This is most likely due to the huge amount of automobile emissions in these congested areas and poor regulation of vehicular emissions. The measurements use a calibration-free second harmonic wavelength modulation spectroscopy (2/WMS) technique developed in our group. A narrow linewidth tunable vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is used to selectively interrogate the carbon dioxide transition at 2003.5 nm. The mole fraction of carbon dioxide is extracted in real-time from least-squares fit of a simulated 2/ WMS line shape to the experimentally obtained 2/ WMS signal. The calibration-free nature of measurements eliminates the need for calibrated gas mixtures that are required in other techniques. This made it possible to deploy the system in the field.by Anirban Roy, Neetesh Kumar Sharma, Arup Lal Chakraborty and Abhishek Upadhya

Optimized authentication system with high security and privacy

Authentication and privacy play an important role in the present electronic world. Biometrics and especially fingerprint-based authentication are extremely useful for unlocking doors, mobile phones, etc. Fingerprint biometrics usually store the attributes of the minutia point of a fingerprint directly in the database as a user template. Existing research works have shown that from such insecure user templates, original fingerprints can be constructed. If the database gets compromised, the attacker may construct the fingerprint of a user, which is a serious security and privacy issue. Security of original fingerprints is therefore extremely important. Ali et al. have designed a system for secure fingerprint biometrics; however, their technique has various limitations and is not optimized. In this paper, first we have proposed a secure technique which is highly robust, optimized, and fast. Secondly, unlike most of the fingerprint biometrics apart from the minutiae point location and orientation, we have used the quality of minutiae points as well to construct an optimized template. Third, the template constructed is in 3D shell shape. We have rigorously evaluated the technique on nine different fingerprint databases. The obtained results from the experiments are highly promising and show the effectiveness of the technique

Patterns of transcription factor binding and epigenome at promoters allow interpretable predictability of multiple functions of non-coding and coding genes

Understanding the biological roles of all genes only through experimental methods is challenging. A computational approach with reliable interpretability is needed to infer the function of genes, particularly for non-coding RNAs. We have analyzed genomic features that are present across both coding and non-coding genes like transcription factor (TF) and cofactor ChIP-seq (823), histone modifications ChIP-seq (n = 621), cap analysis gene expression (CAGE) tags (n = 255), and DNase hypersensitivity profiles (n = 255) to predict ontology-based functions of genes. Our approach for gene function prediction was reliable (>90% balanced accuracy) for 486 gene-sets. PubMed abstract mining and CRISPR screens supported the inferred association of genes with biological functions, for which our method had high accuracy. Further analysis revealed that TF-binding patterns at promoters have high predictive strength for multiple functions. TF-binding patterns at the promoter add an unexplored dimension of explainable regulatory aspects of genes and their functions. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive analysis for the functional-specificity of TF-binding patterns at promoters and used them for clustering functions to reveal many latent groups of gene-sets involved in common major cellular processes. We also showed how our approach could be used to infer the functions of non-coding genes using the CRISPR screens of coding genes, which were validated using a long non-coding RNA CRISPR screen. Thus our results demonstrated the generality of our approach by using gene-sets from CRISPR screens. Overall, our approach opens an avenue for predicting the involvement of non-coding genes in various functions