Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Female Doctors: A Cross Sectional Study from Rawalpindi

Introduction: Studies have shown that toiling in the medical field, especially in comparison to other professions is stressful. There is evidence that depression leads to reduced productivity in the workplace. Poor clinical judgement, increased chances of error in patient care and absenteeism all lead to reduced quality of work. Female doctors, in particular, are vulnerable to mental health issues owing to elements such as bullying, workplace sexual harassment, long working hours, frantic shifts, and domestic commitments. Materials and Methods: Over a six-month period (June 2020 to November 2020), we conducted a cross-sectional survey in three tertiary care hospitals in Rawalpindi, two of which were public sector and one private sector. We collected 328 samples by means of non-probability consecutive sampling. We used the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS), a 42-item questionnaire via Lovibond and Lovibond with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89. Mean and SD of DASS total and subscale scores were compared for subjects stratified by age, marital status, designation, hospital status, and monthly household income via Student t-test and ANOVA. Results: The total mean DASS score reported by our participants was 31±26.92. Total mean DASS scores were significantly greater in House Officers and decreased as the designation rank increased (p=0.007). Mean DASS subscale scores showed that the junior female doctors were significantly more anxious (p=0.004) and depressed (p=0.041) compared to the senior doctors. However, there was no significant difference in stress scores, indicating that all the female doctors that participated were experiencing stress regardless of their designation. There was also no significant difference in DASS scores between private and public sector hospitals. Conclusion: Female doctors working in tertiary care hospitals of Rawalpindi reported depression, anxiety, and stress. Steps need to be taken to reduce risk factors for these mental health issues in order to boost workplace satisfaction and productivity

Role of Surgical Feeding Gastrostomy in Patients Requiring Prolonged Nutrition in a Neurosurgical Department

Objective: To build up the nutritional status of the neurosurgical patients with an easy and practical way. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in Neurosurgery department of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad in a six months’ time. In total thirty adult patients of either gender with H/O road traffic accident with severe head injury and GCS less than 8/15, persistent vegetative state, brain tumor patients who had developed lower cranial nerve palsies were included in the study. 28 for two way Foleys catheter was used in feeding gastrostomy. Results: Thirty patients, with the median age of 35 years (range, 18-55 years) underwent feeding gastrostomy. Before the gastrostomy tube insertion, 18 patients had enteral nutrition by a nasogastric tube and 10 had parenteral nutrition (PN), with a median duration of 14.5 (range, 4-60) and 12 (range, 7-25) days, respectively. Two patients accidentally pulled out the gastrostomy tubes 10 and 11 days after insertion. Buried bumper syndrome developed in 1 patient. Two patients died 8 and 34 days after the procedure in the neurosurgical ICU. Twenty-eight patients were discharged from the hospital while being fed via the gastrostomy tubes. In 11 patients who were able to resume oral feeding, the tube was removed, with a median interval of 62 (range, 25-150) days. There was no Procedure-related mortality. Conclusion: An improvised method of nutritional support according to our circumstances. This study can be extended to other surgical and medical patients who need nutritional support for longer period of time.&nbsp

"دی وے آف پرفیکشن ": ٹریزا آف آویلا کے مشمولات کا تحقیقی وتعارفی جائزہ: Research and Introductory Review of the Contents of "The Way of Perfection" Teresa of Avila

Teresa of Ávila, a Spanish writer and mystic non, was born in 1515 in Ávila. She received her initial religious and spiritual education from her mother and was ordained in 1534. Teresa expressed her thoughts and ideas with great dignity in her literary works. One of her famous works is "The Way of Perfection," which serves as her autobiography. Additionally, she wrote the scholarly book "Interior Castle." In "The Way of Perfection," Teresa explores various social, interpersonal, and spiritual aspects. The book delves into topics such as mercy towards others, self-purification, humility, and divine prayer. Teresa's ultimate goal in this work is to attain perfect love for God. Her ideals also encompass monasticism, renouncing the world, and detaching from material desires. These concepts form the core of her philosophical and spiritual beliefs.Teresa emphasizes the importance of controlling one's desires, practicing self-discipline, maintaining patience and gratitude, and striving for purity of soul. These qualities are depicted as the primary priorities for human beings. Throughout her extensive writings, Teresa offers profound insights into these matters

Skin Lesion Analysis and Cancer Detection Based on Machine/Deep Learning Techniques: A Comprehensive Survey

The skin is the human body’s largest organ and its cancer is considered among the most dangerous kinds of cancer. Various pathological variations in the human body can cause abnormal cell growth due to genetic disorders. These changes in human skin cells are very dangerous. Skin cancer slowly develops over further parts of the body and because of the high mortality rate of skin cancer, early diagnosis is essential. The visual checkup and the manual examination of the skin lesions are very tricky for the determination of skin cancer. Considering these concerns, numerous early recognition approaches have been proposed for skin cancer. With the fast progression in computer-aided diagnosis systems, a variety of deep learning, machine learning, and computer vision approaches were merged for the determination of medical samples and uncommon skin lesion samples. This research provides an extensive literature review of the methodologies, techniques, and approaches applied for the examination of skin lesions to date. This survey includes preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, selection, and classification approaches for skin cancer recognition. The results of these approaches are very impressive but still, some challenges occur in the analysis of skin lesions because of complex and rare features. Hence, the main objective is to examine the existing techniques utilized in the discovery of skin cancer by finding the obstacle that helps researchers contribute to future research

DeepLabv3+-Based Segmentation and Best Features Selection Using Slime Mould Algorithm for Multi-Class Skin Lesion Classification

The development of abnormal cell growth is caused by different pathological alterations and some genetic disorders. This alteration in skin cells is very dangerous and life-threatening, and its timely identification is very essential for better treatment and safe cure. Therefore, in the present article, an approach is proposed for skin lesions’ segmentation and classification. So, in the proposed segmentation framework, pre-trained Mobilenetv2 is utilised in the act of the back pillar of the DeepLabv3+ model and trained on the optimum parameters that provide significant improvement for infected skin lesions’ segmentation. The multi-classification of the skin lesions is carried out through feature extraction from pre-trained DesneNet201 with N × 1000 dimension, out of which informative features are picked from the Slim Mould Algorithm (SMA) and input to SVM and KNN classifiers. The proposed method provided a mean ROC of 0.95 ± 0.03 on MED-Node, 0.97 ± 0.04 on PH2, 0.98 ± 0.02 on HAM-10000, and 0.97 ± 0.00 on ISIC-2019 datasets

Forensic Discrimination Potential of Blue, Black, Green, and Red Colored Fountain Pen Inks Commercially Used in Pakistan, by UV/Visible Spectroscopy, Thin Layer Chromatography, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Examination and comparison of fountain pen inks are very important in forensic questioned documents examination in developing countries where the chances of fraud are greater in cases of cheques, marriage papers, entry of birth and death, etc. In this study, fountain pen inks of blue, black, green, and red colours that are commercially used in Pakistan have been discriminated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, TLC, and FTIR spectroscopy. We have calculated and compared the results in terms of discriminating power. UV/Visible Spectroscopy of fountain pen inks of different brands showed different composition despite their similar colours. TLC was effectively used to differentiate between the colored components of inks. FTIR results showed that each brand could be distinguished by studying the pattern of their absorption spectra that appeared due to the presence of different functional groups. On the basis of combined results of UV-VIS, TLC, and FTIR, the DP was found from 0.73-0.8 for blue, 0.80-1.0 for black, 0.5-1.0 for green, and 1.0 for red colored fountain pen inks. Overall, this study demonstrated the elevated worth of analysis of fountain pen inks commercially used in Pakistan as the study for fountain pen inks, while not very common, remains an interesting target study

Camera-based interactive wall display using hand gesture recognition

the recognition of Hand gestures has become a critical point as it is widely used in everyday applications. the challenge in this is to improve the recognition effect and develop a fast recognition method. Glove and led-based methods involve external devices in detecting and interpreting hand gestures, making human-computer interaction less natural. So, different approaches have been used previously that use purely hand gestures in many systems based on human-computer interaction. This system provides a more natural human-computer interaction; it must be made efficient processing speed of classifying the test data (images) from among the training data (database stored for gestures recognition). This speed makes gesture recognition more effective and reliable to use as compared to previously proposed methods. In this research paper, a proposed system based on a camera-based interactive wall display using bare hand gestures with efficient processing speed for controlling the speed of the mouse and other functions. This system has three modules: one uses Genetic Algorithm and Otsu thresholding to identify the query images as the right or wrong gesture and perform the correct action in case of the proper motion, another module controls functions outside of PowerPoint files or Word documents, e.g., to open folders and go through drives, and the third module uses the convexity hull method for finding the number of fingers open in the user's gesture and operates accordingly