The effects of price liberalisation on Kenyan peri-urban dairy

When severe market shortages of dairy products occurred in Kenya in early 1992, the government decontrolled dairy prices and revoked the monopoly of the Kenya Co-operative Creameries (KCC) on sales of processed milk in urban areas. The general opinion among policy makers in Kenya then was that the price liberalisation would adversely affect the KCC. That the KCC has actually not lost its grip on the market is illustrated in this study of the impact of the 1992 policy reform on smallholder peri-urban dairy producers, using a Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) approach

Bilateral Integrative Medicine, Obviously

Unstated and unacknowledged bias has a profound impact on the nature and implementation of integrative education models. Integrative education is the process of training conventional biomedical and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners in each tradition such that patient care may be effectively coordinated. A bilateral education model ensures that students in each tradition are cross-taught by experts from the ‘other’ tradition, imparting knowledge and values in unison. Acculturation is foundational to bilateral integrative medical education and practice. Principles are discussed for an open-minded bilateral educational model that can result in a new generation of integrative medicine teachers

The Admission of Government Fact Findings Under Federal Rule of Evidence 803(8)(C): Limiting the Dangers of Unreliable Hearsay

Federal Rule of Evidence 803(8)(C), an exception to the rule against admission of hearsay, permits introduction of public records or reports containing the fact findings of the reporter without requiring the reporter to appear at trial. These fact findings can be based upon the reporter\u27s own observations and calculations or information imparted to the reporter from sources having no connection to any public agency whatsoever. Rule 803(8)(C) has also been used as the vehicle for presenting juries with fact findings from hearings conducted by public officials. The rule would seem to allow these fact findings even though the opponent had no opportunity to challenge either the finding or any of the witnesses whose testimony led to it. This Article contends that admitting many of the fact findings discussed above without demonstrable need or strong assurances of their reliability undercuts the bases for the hearsay rules and can result in jury consideration of highly prejudicial evidence. In Beech Aircraft Corporation v. Rainey, the Supreme Court interpreted the \u27factual findings\u27\u27 provision of 803(8)(C) broadly to include \u27conclusions\u27 and \u27opinions\u27 of the investigator. While the decision in Beech Aircraft is sensible in its recognition of the difficulty in distinguishing \u27factual findings\u27 from \u27opinions\u27 and \u27conclusions\u27, it will result in an expansion of the type of hearsay-based evidence that will be admitted under Rule 803(8)(C). Where a hearsay exception expands both the allowable sources of hearsay information and the type of hearsay-based evidence admitted, extreme care should be taken to ensure that questionably reliable or prejudicial evidence is not submitted to a jury without the opportunity to test the evidence through cross-examination. Rule 803(8)(C) was not drafted nor has it been generally applied with such caution. First, this Article explores some of the problems encountered by courts in applying Rule 803(8)(C) and explains some of the unfairness that can result if it is not applied carefully. Second, it describes the Supreme Court\u27s Beech Aircraft decision allowing opinions and conclusions into evidence under Rule 803(8)(C). Third, the Article describes a suggested reading of Rule 803(8)(C) in conjunction with the rules on expert witnesses that should help courts determine which opinions and conclusions should be admissible. Finally, the Article offers additional suggestions to insure the fair application of Rule 803(8)(C)

Challenging Public Investigative Reports: How to Fight the Hearsay Exception

This paper discusses how attorneys can argue against having government and public reports admitted into evidence at trial that would be damaging to their client. When this paper was done, such reports were admitted via Federal Rule of Evidence 803(8)(C). The authors argue that it is possible to challenge admission of factual findings in public reports despite various court decisions which make this difficult

Challenging Public Investigative Reports: How to Fight the Hearsay Exception

This paper discusses how attorneys can argue against having government and public reports admitted into evidence at trial that would be damaging to their client. When this paper was done, such reports were admitted via Federal Rule of Evidence 803(8)(C). The authors argue that it is possible to challenge admission of factual findings in public reports despite various court decisions which make this difficult

Allosteric modulation of beta1 integrin function induces lung repair in animal model of emphysema.

Emphysema is a progressive lung disease characterised by loss of lung parenchyma with associated functional changes including decreased tissue elastance. Here we report beta1 integrin is a novel target for tissue repair and regeneration in emphysema. We show a single dose of a monoclonal antibody against beta1 integrin induced both functional and structural reversal of elastase-induced lung injury in vivo, and we found that similar matrix remodelling changes occurred in human lung tissue. We also identified a potential mechanism of action as this allosteric modulation of beta1 integrin inhibited elastase-induced caspase activation, F-actin aggregate formation and changes in cellular ATP levels. This was accompanied by maintenance of beta1?integrin levels and inhibition of caveolin-1 phosphorylation. We propose that allosteric modulation of beta1 integrin-mediated mechanosensing prevents cell death associated with lung injury and progressive emphysema, thus allowing cells to survive and for repair and regeneration to ensue

Io's radar properties

Arecibo 13 cm wavelength radar observations during 1987-90 have yielded echoes from Io on each of 11 dates. Whereas Voyager imaged parts of the satellite at resolutions of several km and various visible/infrared measurements have probed the surfaces's microscale properties, the radar data yield new information about the nature of the surface at cm to km scales. Our observations provide fairly thorough coverage and reveal significant heterogeneity in Io's radar properties. A figure is given showing sums of echo spectra from 11 dates

Recommended Guidelines for the Design of the Federal Docket Management System (FDMS)

The Administration's eRulemaking Initiative will have important implications for access to regulatory information, both for those who work on rules and those organizations and citizens who are affected by rules. These scholars of rulemaking suggest priorities that should guide the eRulemaking Initiative so that all interested parties can better understand and contribute to this common and important mode of policymaking. Collectively,they have studied rulemaking at dozens of regulatory agencies across the federal government. Based ontheir extensive experience using agencies' rulemaking dockets and accessing information from them fortheir research,they believe three principles are vital in designing the forthcoming Federal Docket Management System (FDMS): Consistency in Data: Every effort should be made to keep data fields consistent, both across agencies and over time. Consistency over time is especially important, so that information available in a post-Regulations.Gov era can be matched with earlier information. Flexibility of Search: Users should be able to define their own searches using any of the fields within the docket system. They should also be able to combine different fields. Ease of Access: Users should be able not only to search docket data in a self-defined way, but should be able to download and export search results in commonly used formats, such as comma-separated or Excel or both. Additional signatories of this letter include: Richard N. L. Andrews, Michael Asimow, Bernard W. Bell, Lori Snyder Bennear, Barbara H. Brandon, John Brehm, Gary Bryner, Professor Johnny C. Burris, Mariano-Florentino Cu