10 research outputs found
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The paradox of relational development: Could language learning be (temporarily) harmful?
Recent studies report a striking decline in children’s ability to
notice same-different relations around age 3 (Walker et al.,
2015). We propose that such a decline results from an object
focus related to children’s avid noun-learning. To test this, we
examine children’s performance on a classic relational task –
the relational match-to-sample task (RMTS). Prior work has
shown that 4-year-olds can pass this task (Christie & Gentner,
2014). However, if nominal language induces an object focus,
their performance should be disrupted by a noun-labeling
pretask. In two experiments, 4-year-olds either labeled objects
or actions in a naming pretask. Then they completed the
RMTS task. Consistent with the noun-focus explanation, the
object-naming group failed the RMTS task, whereas the
action-naming group and a control group both succeeded.
This suggests that nominal language can lead to an object
focus, and that this could explain the temporary decline in
children’s relational processing
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Symmetry: Low-level visual feature or abstract relation?
We traced the development of sensitivity to symmetric
relational patterns by creating a symmetry match-to-sample
task. Children saw a symmetric standard made up of two
shapes and choose between two novel alternatives: a
symmetric pair and an asymmetric pair. We found that young
children chose randomly between the two alternatives.
Children were not reliably above chance until 8-to 9 years of
age. In a second study, we found that young children could
succeed in making symmetric relational matches if the triads
were designed to invite informative comparisons. These
findings show that relational insight of symmetry develops
relatively late. However, as with other relations, comparison
processes can promote sensitivity to the symmetry relation
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Same/different relation detection and word production in 4-year-olds
Relational processing is critical for complex cognition (Gentner, 2003, 2010). Here, we investigate the development of twofundamental relationssame and different. Previous research suggests that childrens understanding of same may precede un-derstanding of different, and that languageespecially labels for these relationsmay support this understanding (Hochmannet al., 2017; Christie & Gentner, 2014). We presented 4-year-olds with either a different-only or a same/different mixedversion of the Relational-Match-to-Sample (RMTS) task. Children made relational matches at above-chance rates inboth conditions and performance was comparable with previous findings on a same-only RMTS (Christie & Gentner,2014; Hoyos, Shao, & Gentner, 2016; replication in process). Across both conditions, children who said the wordssame/different outperformed those who did not, suggesting that spontaneous production of the terms indicated better en-coding of the relations. Interestingly, children produced the word same more than the word different, even when presentedwith match-to-different trials
Analogical processes in language learning
fast-mapping; phonetic categories; second language acquisitio
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When do Children Pass the Relational-Match-To-Sample Task?
Relational ability—the ability to compare situations or ideas and discover common relations – is a key process in higher-order cognition that underlies transfer in learning and creative problem solving. For this reason, it has generated intense interest both among developmentalist and in cross-species comparative studies. The gold standard for evaluating relational ability is the Relational-Match-to-Sample (RMTS) task (Premack, 1983). Current work in cognitive development has produced inconsistent results as to when children are able to pass the RMTS, with Christie and Gentner (2014) finding earlier success than Hochmann et al. (2017) and Kroupin and Carey (2022). In this research, we attempt to resolve this issue. We first describe two studies that bear out and extend Christie and Gentner’s (2014) findings. We then discuss factors that might explain the discrepancy between the findings
Learning same and different relations : cross-species comparisons
Humans excel among species in abstract representation and reasoning. We argue that the ability to learn through analogical comparison, augmented by symbolic systems, underlies our cognitive advantage. The relations same and different are an ideal testbed for these ideas: they are fundamental, essential to abstract combinatorial thought, perceptually available, and studied extensively across species. The evidence suggests that whereas a sense of similarity is widely shared across species, abstract representations of same and different are not.
We make three key claims, First, analogical comparison is critical in enabling relational learning among humans. Second, relational symbols support forming and retaining same and different relations in both humans and chimpanzees. Third,
despite differences in degree of relational ability, humans and chimpanzees show significant parallels in the development of relational insight
Structure-based design of pan-coronavirus inhibitors targeting host cathepsin L and calpain-1
Abstract Respiratory disease caused by coronavirus infection remains a global health crisis. Although several SARS-CoV-2-specific vaccines and direct-acting antivirals are available, their efficacy on emerging coronaviruses in the future, including SARS-CoV-2 variants, might be compromised. Host-targeting antivirals provide preventive and therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance and manage future outbreak of emerging coronaviruses. Cathepsin L (CTSL) and calpain-1 (CAPN1) are host cysteine proteases which play crucial roles in coronaviral entrance into cells and infection-related immune response. Here, two peptidomimetic α-ketoamide compounds, 14a and 14b, were identified as potent dual target inhibitors against CTSL and CAPN1. The X-ray crystal structures of human CTSL and CAPN1 in complex with 14a and 14b revealed the covalent binding of α-ketoamide groups of 14a and 14b to C25 of CTSL and C115 of CAPN1. Both showed potent and broad-spectrum anticoronaviral activities in vitro, and it is worth noting that they exhibited low nanomolar potency against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern (VOCs) with EC50 values ranging from 0.80 to 161.7 nM in various cells. Preliminary mechanistic exploration indicated that they exhibited anticoronaviral activity through blocking viral entrance. Moreover, 14a and 14b exhibited good oral pharmacokinetic properties in mice, rats and dogs, and favorable safety in mice. In addition, both 14a and 14b treatments demonstrated potent antiviral potency against SARS-CoV-2 XBB 1.16 variant infection in a K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model. And 14b also showed effective antiviral activity against HCoV-OC43 infection in a mouse model with a final survival rate of 60%. Further evaluation showed that 14a and 14b exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory effects in Raw 264.7 mouse macrophages and in mice with acute pneumonia. Taken together, these results suggested that 14a and 14b are promising drug candidates, providing novel insight into developing pan-coronavirus inhibitors with antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties