Distribution of cases infected with different species of HPV genotypes.

<p>Distribution of cases infected with different species of HPV genotypes.</p

Enrollment of cases and outcomes.

<p>Enrollment of cases and outcomes.</p

Demographic factors associated with cervical carcinoma.

<p>Demographic factors associated with cervical carcinoma.</p

Association of multiple infections with the risk of cervical cancer.

<p>Association of multiple infections with the risk of cervical cancer.</p

Distribution of HPV genotypes as single and coinfection in different phylogenetic groups.

<p>Distribution of HPV genotypes as single and coinfection in different phylogenetic groups.</p

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Increased Dose and Frequency of Albendazole with Standard Dose DEC for Treatment of <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> Microfilaremics in Odisha, India

<div><p>Although current programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis have made significant progress it may be necessary to use different approaches to achieve the global goal, especially where compliance has been poor and ‘hot spots’ of continued infection exist. In the absence of alternative drugs, the use of higher or more frequent dosing with the existing drugs needs to be explored. We examined the effect of higher and/or more frequent dosing with albendazole with a fixed 300mg dose of diethylcarbamazine in a <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> endemic area in Odisha, India. Following screening, 104 consenting adults were randomly assigned to treatment with the standard regimen annually for 24 months (S1), or annually with increased dose (800mg albendazole)(H1) or with increased frequency (6 monthly) with either standard (S2) or increased (H2) dose. Pre-treatment microfilaria counts (GM) ranged from 348 to 459 mf/ml. Subjects were followed using microfilaria counts, OG4C3 antigen levels and ultrasound scanning for adult worm nests. Microfilarial counts tended to decrease more rapidly with higher or more frequent dosing at all time points. At 12 months, Mf clearance was marginally greater with the high dose regimens, while by 24 months, there was a trend to higher Mf clearance in the arm with increased frequency and 800mg of albendazole (76.9%) compared to other arms, (S1:64%, S2:69.2% & H1:73.1%). Although higher and/or more frequent dosing showed a trend towards a greater decline in antigenemia and clearance of “nests”, all regimens demonstrated the potential macrofilaricidal effect of the combination. The higher doses of albendazole did not result in a greater number or more severe side effects. The alternative regimens could be useful in the later stages of existing elimination programmes or achieving elimination more rapidly in areas where programmes have yet to start.</p></div

Percentage reduction in microfilarial density.

<p>Reduction in mf count in the individuals from each treatment arm from baseline values was calculated at the different follow up points and expressed as percentages. It shows sharp decline at 6 months follow up with gradual reduction thereafter. The difference between the arms is not significant.</p><p>Percentage reduction in microfilarial density.</p

Changes in antigenemia (OG₄C₃) over period in the four arms:: Mean (SD) of log (OG4C) units for treatment over 24 months.

<p>Changes in antigenemia (OG₄C₃) over period in the four arms:: Mean (SD) of log (OG4C) units for treatment over 24 months.</p

Changes in antigenemia (OG₄C₃) over period in the four arms: Mean (SD) of (OG₄C₃) units for treatment arms over 24 months.

<p>Changes in antigenemia (OG₄C₃) over period in the four arms: Mean (SD) of (OG₄C₃) units for treatment arms over 24 months.</p

Number and percentages of subjects showing adverse events after administration of drugs in different treatment arms.

<p>Number and percentages of subjects showing adverse events after administration of drugs in different treatment arms.</p