565 research outputs found
Ideal Female and Male Bodies: An Analysis of College Students\u27 Drawings
This study investigates perceptions of gendered body ideals through an analysis of college students\u27 drawings. A sample of 94 college students participated by drawing their image of the ideal female and male bodies. The drawings were analyzed through a gender lens, whereby each participant‟s male and female bodies were compared to determine the features participants used to indicate gender in their ideal bodies. Four major themes emerged that distinguished ideal female and male bodies from each other: (1) body shape, (2) body size, (3) clothing and accessories, and (4) gender roles. An additional theme includes a small group of participants who challenged gendered body ideals. The results are discussed in the broader context of gender and the body
Disciplining the Ethical Couponer: A Foucauldian Analysis of Online Interactions
As the internet becomes increasingly important in establishing identities and social networks, it becomes a mechanism for social control. We apply the components of Foucault’s means of corrective training—hierarchical observation, normalizing judgment, and examination—to the comments section of a popular couponing blog to analyze tactics participants use to discipline each other’s couponing behaviors. We find Foucault’s framework applicable with some modification. Participants use discursive techniques to establish hierarchical surveillance however hierarchies are not upheld throughout the interactions, making lateral surveillance more applicable. Participants engage in normalizing judgment by critiquing and correcting “deviant” behavior and positively reinforcing “good” behavior. The blog itself mirrors the examination; as the blog master describes activities, participants try them, and return to the site to report their results, which can then be compared to others. These findings illustrate online interactions as a mechanism of informal social surveillance and control
The proteome of extracellular vesicles released by clastic cells differs based on their substrate
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from osteoclasts are important regulators in intercellular communication. Here, we investigated the proteome of EVs from clastic cells plated on plastic
(clasts), bone (osteoclasts) and dentin (odontoclasts) by two-dimensional high performance
liquid chromatography mass spectrometry seeking differences attributable to distinct mineralized matrices. A total of 1,952 proteins were identified. Of the 500 most abundant proteins
in EVs, osteoclast and odontoclast EVs were 83.3% identical, while clasts shared 70.7% of
the proteins with osteoclasts and 74.2% of proteins with odontoclasts. For each protein, the
differences between the total ion count values were mapped to an expression ratio histogram (Z-score) in order to detect proteins differentially expressed. Stabilin-1 and macrophage mannose receptor-1 were significantly-enriched in EVs from odontoclasts compared
with osteoclasts (Z = 2.45, Z = 3.34) and clasts (Z = 13.86, Z = 1.81) and were abundant in
odontoclast EVs. Numerous less abundant proteins were differentially-enriched. Subunits of
known protein complexes were abundant in clastic EVs, and were present at levels consistent with them being in assembled protein complexes. These included the proteasome,
COP1, COP9, the T complex and a novel sub-complex of vacuolar H+
-ATPase (V-ATPase),
which included the (pro) renin receptor. The (pro) renin receptor was immunoprecipitated
using an anti-E-subunit antibody from detergent-solubilized EVs, supporting the idea that
the V-ATPase subunits present were in the same protein complex. We conclude that the
protein composition of EVs released by clastic cells changes based on the substrate. Clastic
EVs are enriched in various protein complexes including a previously undescribed VATPase sub-complex
Security against individual attacks for realistic quantum key distribution
I prove the security of quantum key distribution against individual attacks
for realistic signals sources, including weak coherent pulses and
downconversion sources. The proof applies to the BB84 protocol with the
standard detection scheme (no strong reference pulse). I obtain a formula for
the secure bit rate per time slot of an experimental setup which can be used to
optimize the performance of existing schemes for the considered scenario.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
Band-width control in a perovskite-type 3d^1 correlated metal Ca_{1-x}Sr_xVO_3. I. Evolution of the electronic properties and effective mass
Single crystals of the perovskite-type metallic alloy system
CaSrVO were synthesized in order to investigate metallic
properties near the Mott transition. The substitution of a Ca ion for a
Sr ion reduces the band width due to a buckling of the V-O-V bond
angle from for SrVO to for CaVO. Thus,
the value of can be systematically controlled without changing the number
of electrons making CaSrVO: one of the most ideal systems for
studying band-width effects. The Sommerfeld-Wilson's ratio (), the
Kadowaki-Woods ratio (in the same region as heavy Fermion systems), and a large
term in the electric resistivity, even at 300 K, substantiate a large
electron correlation in this system, though the effective mass, obtained by
thermodynamic and magnetic measurements, shows only a systematic but moderate
increase in going from SrVO to CaVO, in contrast to the critical
enhancement expected from the Brinkmann-Rice picture. It is proposed that the
metallic properties observed in this system near the Mott transition can be
explained by considering the effect of a non-local electron correlation.Comment: 14 pages in a Phys. Rev. B camera-ready format with 10 EPS figures
embedded. LaTeX 2.09 source file using "camera.sty" and "prbplug.sty"
provided by N. Shirakawa. For OzTeX (Macintosh), use "ozfig.sty" instead of
"psfig.sty". "ozfig.sty" can be also obtained by e-mail request to N.
Shirakawa: . Submitted to Phys. Rev.
Consequences of converting graded to action potentials upon neural information coding and energy efficiency
Information is encoded in neural circuits using both graded and action potentials, converting between them within single neurons and successive processing layers. This conversion is accompanied by information loss and a drop in energy efficiency. We investigate the biophysical causes of this loss of information and efficiency by comparing spiking neuron models, containing stochastic voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels, with generator potential and graded potential models lacking voltage-gated Na+ channels. We identify three causes of information loss in the generator potential that are the by-product of action potential generation: (1) the voltage-gated Na+ channels necessary for action potential generation increase intrinsic noise and (2) introduce non-linearities, and (3) the finite duration of the action potential creates a ‘footprint’ in the generator potential that obscures incoming signals. These three processes reduce information rates by ~50% in generator potentials, to ~3 times that of spike trains. Both generator potentials and graded potentials consume almost an order of magnitude less energy per second than spike trains. Because of the lower information rates of generator potentials they are substantially less energy efficient than graded potentials. However, both are an order of magnitude more efficient than spike trains due to the higher energy costs and low information content of spikes, emphasizing that there is a two-fold cost of converting analogue to digital; information loss and cost inflation
Circumstellar discs: What will be next?
This prospective chapter gives our view on the evolution of the study of
circumstellar discs within the next 20 years from both observational and
theoretical sides. We first present the expected improvements in our knowledge
of protoplanetary discs as for their masses, sizes, chemistry, the presence of
planets as well as the evolutionary processes shaping these discs. We then
explore the older debris disc stage and explain what will be learnt concerning
their birth, the intrinsic links between these discs and planets, the hot dust
and the gas detected around main sequence stars as well as discs around white
dwarfs.Comment: invited review; comments welcome (32 pages
Behavioral effects and pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) precursors gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) in baboons
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