Akhbar-Akhbar Tamil Dan Pemikiran Tentang Kaum India Di Tanah Melayu, 1946 – 1960

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai sejauh mana pemikiran akhbar-akhbar Tamil memainkan peranan dalam isu-isu kaum India di Tanah Melayu dari tahun 1946 hingga 1960. Penilaian ini dibuat dengan memfokuskan tiga buah akhbar Tamil iaitu Tamil Nesan, Tamil Murasu dan Jananayakam. Penilaian adalah berasaskan pemikiran ketigatiga akhbar Tamil tersebut dalam isu-isu kaum India seperti kesedaran politik, penubuhan dan perjuangan MIC, soal kewarganegaraan kaum India, peranan MIC dalam soal kewarganegaraan, kesedaran etnik Tamil, pendidikan Tamil, tabiat meminum todi dan permasalahan buruh India. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa pemikiran akhbar Tamil Nesan, Tamil Murasu dan Jananayakam yang diterjemahkan melalui ruangan rencana pengarang telah memainkan peranan penting dalam isu-isu kaum India serta memberi dorongan kepada kaum India untuk memperjuangkan hak mereka di Tanah Melayu. Pemikiran ketiga-tiga akhbar tersebut yang disampaikan melalui pandangan, cadangan, kritikan, teguran dan desakan telah memberi kesedaran kepada kaum India supaya sentiasa bersatu padu dan bekerjasama dalam menuntut dan memperjuangkan hak mereka serta mengekalkan identiti India di Tanah Melayu. The aim of this research is to study the thinking of Tamil newspapers and their role on issues related to Indians in Malaya from 1946 to 1960. The assessment is made by focussing on three Tamil newspapers, namely Tamil Nesan, Tamil Murasu and Jananayakam. It is based on the thinking of the three Tamil newspapers on issues related to Indians such as political awareness, establishment and struggles of MIC, Indian citizenship, MIC’s role on citizenship, Tamil ethnic awareness, Tamil education, habit of consuming toddy and problems concerning Indian labourers. The findings of this study show that the thinking of Tamil Nesan, Tamil Murasu and Jananayakam had played important roles on issues related to the Indians in Malaya. The thinking of these newspapers which are translated through the editorials had encouraged the Indian community to voice their rights in Malaya. The thinking of the Tamil newspapers which were conveyed through views, suggestions, criticisms, exhortations and persistence, raised awareness among the Indians to stay united and work together in demanding and fighting for their rights and maintaining the identity of Indians in Malaya

Bilateral superficial cervical plexus block combined with general anaesthesia for thyroid surgery-a comparative study of intraoperative haemodynamic status and safety

Background: When general anaesthesia is employed for a surgery, the hemodynamic changes are intense during intubation, intraoperative stress and extubation. Hence, in the present study, by employing Bilateral Superficial Cervical Plexus Block using 0.5% Bupivacaine prior to skin incision, assessment of hemodynamic effects during intraoperative period is done. The aim of the study was to compare the intra operative hemodynamic status and the safety of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block with general anesthesia in thyroid surgerie.Methods: Bilateral superficial cervical plexus block was performed in patients undergoing simple thyroid surgery using normal saline in 29 control group patients and 0.5% Bupivacaine in 29 study group patients. Intraoperative hemodynamic status was monitored in both the groups using parameters such as heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean blood pressure.Results: Hemodynamic parameters are not altered during the intraoperative period in the study and control group.Conclusions: Bilateral Superficial Cervical Plexus Block with bupivacaine did not alter the intraoperative hemodynamic parameters

Comparing the functional analysis of I-gel with Baska mask in laparascopic surgeries: an observational study

Background: More than 40% of general anaesthetics are managed with supraglottic airway devices. First generation SADs act as airway conduits whereas second generation devices have safety designs like integrated bite block, gastric drainage channel and act as airway conduit for endotracheal intubation. Supraglottic airway devices are getting accepted by many anaesthetists during laparascopic surgeries.Methods: Authors did a study, comparing the functional analysis of I- gel with Baska mask during laparascopic surgeries with controlled ventilation. The study was conducted on sixty patients of either sex scheduled for short duration laparascopic surgeries (30kg/m2), and ASA physical status III and IV patients were excluded from the study. patients were induced with fentanyl 2µg/ kg, propofol 2-2.5mg/kg and neuromuscular paralysis facilitated with atracurium 0.5mg/kg. Anaesthesia was maintained with oxygen, air (fio2 40%) with isoflurane1.5-2%. Ease of insertion was evaluated using 4-points scale. Score 1 means easy insertion to score 4 denotes impossible to insert. Oropharyngeal seal pressure was measured after five minutes of placement. FGF 5L/min was used after closing the APL valve at 70cm h2o, recording the pressure at which pressue is plateaued. Presence of sore throat, dysphagia and dysphonia were examined 2hrs and 24hrs post operatively.Results: The insertion time was shorter for I-gel (12.3±3.8secs) than Baska mask (20.1±8.1secs). Oropharyngeal leak pressure was significantly higher for Baska mask (24-32cmh20). Oropharyngeal airway morbidity was not significantly different between two groups. So, it has been decided that both airways are suitable for laparascopic surgeries, but I-gel was quicker to insert, but Baska mask gave good airway seal.Conclusions: In this study, authors have noticed that Baska mask will give good airway seal when compared with I-gel. But I-gel was quicker to insert than Baskamask. The main problem of the study was that it was not blinded

A comparative study of postoperative analgesic efficacy between TAP block with wound infiltration in open gynaecological surgeries

Background: Gynaecological surgeries are performed by abdominal incision is common and post-operative pain and discomfort is always anticipated. TAP block is a regional anaesthetic technique which blocks the abdominal neural afferents by administrating local anaesthetic drugs into the neuro-fascial plane. The other method for postoperative analgesia is surgical wound infiltration with local anaesthetic drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the post-operative analgesic efficacy of TAP block versus wound infiltration in gynaecological surgeries.Methods: The study was a prospective randomized study conducted on patients undergoing open gynaecological surgeries, conducted at the Government medical college and ESI hospital, Coimbatore. The study was initiated after obtaining an ethical clearance from the institution. Group A: patients who underwent bilateral TAP block with 0.3 ml/kg 0.25% Bupivacaine on each side. Group B: patients who received wound infiltration of 0.25% Bupivacaine 0.6ml/kg.Results: TAP block provided superior analgesic effect than the surgical site infiltration group, without significant changes in the hemodynamic parameters. The duration of analgesia was longer and the need of Tramadol in the postoperative period was found to be lesser in the TAP block group as compared to wound infiltration group.Conclusions: The TAP block is an effective and safe technique for postoperative analgesia for gynaecological surgeries than compared to the surgical wound infiltration. The requirement of Tramadol as a postoperative analgesia was less with TAP block compared to surgical wound infiltration

Impact of the cylone of November 1978 on fishing activities at Rameswaram

Rameswaram Island is located in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu lying in between the Indian main land and Sri Lanka and bounded by Palk Bay on the north and the Gulf of Mannar on the southThe cyclone lasted for about 12 hours starting from noon. It was very intense for about 2 1/2 hours between 5 and 7.30 P.M. The velocity of the wind was about 120 km per hour. In the beginning of January 1979 considerable progress in fishing activities was observed with about 300 boats going out for fishing. The boats that got damaged during cyclone period were attended to by a heavy influx of carpenters, mechanics and other labour force from the mainland. This has accelerated the repair works and improved the fishing activities within a short period and as stated earlier, by the end of March '79 the fishing activities in the island have been restored

Effects of phase feeding on carcass characteristics and meat composition of kampung chickens

A study on kampung chickens was undertaken to investigate the influence of scheduling of feeds by reducing protein levels during the various phases of growth of the birds until market age, on carcass characteristic and meat quality. A total of 62 3-week-old female kampung chickens were reared in two-tier wire floor cages with two chicks per cage for eight weeks. The chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups (single-phase, 2-phase, 3-phase and 4-phase) and fed with step-down dietary protein levels (19, 17, 15 and 13%) accordingly. At the end of the study period, ten birds per treatment were randomly sampled for analysis. Carcass yield and component parts (breast, thigh, drumstick, wing, abdominal fat, back and neck) of the birds were determined as percentages of live weights. Meat chemical composition from breast muscles was determined for dry matter, crude protein and crude fat content. No significant differences were found in the percentages of carcass yield, component parts, dry matter, crude protein and crude fat contents between the four phases. It is concluded that phase feeding did not adversely affect carcass yield and meat chemical composition. This feeding strategy could therefore be an economical practice for rearing kampung chickens without sacrificing carcass yield and meat quality

Largest specimen of big-jawed jumper, Lactarius lactarius (Schneider)

A specimen of Lactarius lactarius 330 mm total length was recorded from a drift net catch at Pamban (Gulf of Mannar). The largest specimen of this species recorded so far had only 23 rays in the anal fin as against 72-28 rays in the normal specimens

Assessment of mating behaviour associated with fertility in Boer bucks

A study on the mating behavior of Boer bucks using the serving capacity test was conducted. Ten healthy Boer bucks with no previous experience of sexual activity were randomly selected and kept in individual pens. Each buck was allowed to mate naturally with a restrained female in oestrus for 30 minutes. Data on the serving capacity test were collected every 2 weeks for 5 consecutive weeks. All occurrences of mount attempts, mounts with and without ejaculation and the frequency of each event occurred were recorded. Latency to first mount and first ejaculation and refractory period were calculated. Buck efficiency was calculated by dividing the total number of ejaculations by the total number of mounts with and without ejaculation. Results showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) between weeks for the mean latency to first mount, number of mounts and mount attempts, latency to first ejaculation, refractory period, number of ejaculations and mating efficiency. The number of ejaculations and mating efficiency increased in the beginning of the study. It was noted that experience had a decisive effect on the ability of bucks to properly mount and successfully ejaculate. Sexual experience might have provided the opportunity for bucks to learn and recognize important behavioural cues from the females

Effects of Morinda citrifolia on early stage of leukaemia in rats

We have studied the effects of Morinda citrifolia on haemogram parameters in rats with early stage of leukaemia. A total of 32 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=8) namely control, Morinda citrifolia (MC), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and MC+MNU group. Leukaemia induced rats were provided with died M. citrifolia fruits incorporated into rat diet at a dose of 3000 mg/kg body weight were given daily to the MC and MC+MNU groups. Results showed there were no significant differences in the leukon and erythron parameters in all groups. Although lymphocytosis was not observed in the MNU and MC+MNU groups, examination of the blood morphology showed a typical morphology of leukaemic cell. Seventy-five and sixty percent of rats in the MNU and MC+MNU groups, respectively, had leukaemia. Our results indicate that examination of blood smear provides an important tool for diagnosis of early stage of leukaemia and daily supplementation of M. citrifolia at the dose of 3000 mg/kg reduced the incidence of early stage of leukaemia in rats