A study on the prevalence, isolation and sensitivity pattern of genital candida species in female patients attending STD outpatient department

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an infection and inflammation of the female external genitalia caused by Candida species. The prevalence of Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is increasing due to the extensive utilization of broad-spectrum antibiotics as well as increased incidence of immune compromised states and diabetes. There has been a significant trend towards the emergence of other species such as C. glabrata, identification of which has prognostic and therapeutic significance. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES : 1. To study the prevalence of various Candida species in female patients with vaginal discharge. 2. To study the susceptibility pattern of Candida to commonly used antifungals. MATERIALS AND METHODS : It is a Prospective observational study of 200 female patients attending the STD OPD with or without symptoms. Patients aged 60 yrs, pregnant, lactating & menstruating women, those not willing to participate in the study and those who had used antifungals within past 7 days were excluded. A detailed history was taken and complete genital examination was done. A sample of vaginal discharge was collected. Microscopic examination with Gram’s stain and KOH and culture with Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar was done. Speciation was done using Chromogenic agar. Antifungal susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion method. OBSERVATION AND RESULTS : The prevalence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis proven by either culture or microscopy was 29%. Only 7% patients had pseudohyphae and spores on microscopic examination. Of the asymptomatic patients, 28.3% had VVC. C.glabrata (61.22%) was the most common species isolated followed by C.albicans (20.4%). Nystatin was the most effective antifungal (81.63%) followed by Miconazole and Fluconazole. CONCLUSION : This study shows that if microscopy, which is the commonly used bedside test to confirm Candidiasis, alone is used for diagnosis, most of the VVC cases would be missed. Culture has significantly increased the detection of VVC cases. Culture and microscopy used in combination would be better than either tests used alone. This study has also proven the importance of considering Candida species other than C. albicans and drug resistance to first line antifungals as a cause of treatment failure

A perspective of COVID 19 impact on global economy, energy and environment

COVID-19 or novel coronavirus is not only an international emergency for public health but also has significant consequences on energy, economy, and environment. Although much of the World's attention is understandably focused on COVID-19's human toll, the outbreak's economic toll also potentially has catastrophic implications and has disrupted all the leading economies. Consequently, the energy market has plunged, leading to an oil supply surplus and a decline in the price. Policymakers also examine the impacts of COVID-19 on the energy market and its relation to the ongoing transition to renewable energy. Against this backdrop, this paper helps in summarising the impact of COVID-19 on economy, energy and environment. Besides, it provides some critical recommendations and policy measures for the energy sector to overcome the challenges from the impact of COVID-19

A Secured Wireless Crypto System For Text And File Using Dwt And Blowfish Algorithm

ABSTRAC

Synthesis and characterisation of indium tin oxide thin films for dye-sensitised solar cells using natural fruit extracts

The study focuses on the application of natural fruit extract of blackberry in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSC) as a photosensitiser. The widespread availability of the fruits and juices, high concentration of anthocyanins in them ease of extraction of anthocyanin dyes from these commonly available fruits, enable them as a novel and inexpensive candidates for solar cell fabrication. Anthocyanins are naturally occurring biodegradable and non-toxic compounds that can be extracted with minimal environmental impact and provide environmentally benign alternatives for manufacturing dyes in DSSC synthesis. Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films are synthesised using sol-gel and spin-coating techniques. ITO characteristics are determined by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transforms infrared spectra (FTIR) measurements. To find the transmittance percentage in the visible region of thin films, atomic force microscope (AFM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy analyses were done. The nanocrystalline phase of the synthesised ITO films was confirmed through XRD. SEM was used to analyse the morphology of the synthesised ITO films. Cubic, columnar (edge length ~ 35-45 nm) and rod-shaped (~110 x 14) particles were observed. Narrow size distribution was observed for spherical particles in the range of ~13-15 nm. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxide functional groups. The AFM analysis revealed the uniform spread of the synthesised dye, while the visible region absorbance and transmittance of the synthesised ITO films were confirmed through UV-vis spectroscopy. The thin films showed 83-86% of average transmittance. Finally, we fabricated a dye-sensitised solar cell with desired properties. The characterisation results confirmed that the synthesised material could be used in the DSSC application

A COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLIERS USING GDI TECHNIQUE

A bountiful of adders has been designed over the years in order to simplify the multiplication with various improvements. A comparison of Complementary Pass Transistor Logic and Shanno

Enhancing the Seismic Response of Buildings with Energy Dissipation Methods -An Overview

Abstract In recent years many seismic protection systems have been developed to reduce the effects of the devastating wind and seismic loads. For this purpose, greater attention has been directed towards the use of passive energy dissipaters, base isolators, active and hybrid control systems. This paper reviews the existing energy dissipation systems that can be adopted to minimize the amount of damage and response of the structure during extreme dynamic loads. Based on the review, it is observed that passive systems such as tuned mass dampers, friction dampers, tuned liquid dampers are highly effective in moderate seismic zones and wind predominant regions. Base isolation technique decouples the structure from the ground preventing the superstructure from absorbing input energy and it is effective in low to medium rise buildings in hard soil. Seismic isolation systems contribute to safety by withstanding lateral forces also. Active vibration control systems are preferred more than passive control systems when flexibility and height of the buildings is to be considered. This paper highlights the behaviour of various forms of energy dissipation devices during seismic events for real time application in structures

CO 2 Sequestration of Vehicular Exhaust Using Synthesized Adsorbent

ABSTRACT:Activated Carbon prepared from Sugarcane Bagasse(SC) was selected as the suitable adsorbent for CO 2 sequestration and an experimental analysis was carried out to study the effectiveness of adsorption of the vehicular exhaust on the adsorbent. The adsorbent was prepared by slow pyrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse at 600 o C. Because of the increasing level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to our dependence on fossil fuels, the need to create a cost efficient,reusable material with a high CO 2 adsorption capacityhas become necessity. In this paper the FTIR analysis of the SC600 o C was carried out. The vehicular exhaust was injected into a thin film reactor after H 2 S removal. The effectiveness of adsorption was tested at an emission testing centre while removal of H 2 S was tested by simple qualitative analysis