Agihan Faedah Pembekalan Teknologi Koko

Agihan faedah pembekalan teknologi koko telah dianggarkan di antara pengeluar dan pengguna, dan di antara estet dan pekebun kecil. Penemuan kajian menunjukkan bahawa sebahagian besar faedah dinikmati oleh pengguna, dan di antara pengeluar, estet mendapat faedah yang lebih dibandingkan dengan pekebun keci1

The effect of an export levy on the Malaysian cocoa industry

This study attempts to elucidate the economic implications of an export levy on the Malaysian cocoa industry. The results indicate that the imposition of an export levy would lower producer prices and raise export prices. Hence production and exports would decline. Domestic utilization and imports, on the other hand, would increase

Food security and policy responses with special reference to the poultry industry

The right to food is the basic tenet of the food security policy of any nation. The guiding framework is based on the World Food Summit 1996 interpretation which stated that: food security as existing when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO, 2003). Most developing economies had translated their food security drive by a number of policy measures to ensure availability, accessibility, and utilisation. The food security agenda in the twenty-first century faces a totally new set of challenges. Domestically, the competition for resources (land, labour and capital) continues to intensify as urbanisation and industrialisation grow rapidly. Limited investment in food and agriculture have made this sector lagged on all fronts; productivity, efficiency and development. The effect of climate change is showing, aggravated further by unsustainable practices such as overuse of chemical fertilisers, and poor water management. The international market also poses the bigger challenge to developing countries’ food security in particular “extreme volatility”. The course of the global food system is no longer in the main determined by the resolution of demand and supply fundamentals. External shocks are emerging from a complexity of sources and are having a profound influence in causing vulnerability in food systems. The detrimental impact of volatility is further magnified by structural problems such as: poor infrastructure, poor supply response, inefficient market, and susceptibility to climactic disturbances. Malaysia is self-sufficient in some of the food commodities such as poultry meat (128%), eggs (115%), pork (102%), and fisheries (102%). However, she is not self-sufficient in commodities such as rice (71%), fruits (66%), vegetables (41%), beef (29%), mutton (11%) and dairy milk (5%) (MOA, 2010). The food trade deficit grows from year to year, from RM1 billion (US$0.33 billion) in 1990 to RM12 billion (US$ 4 billion) in 2011 (DOS, 2011). Like any other developing countries, Malaysia has enjoyed the benefits of cheaper food imports. This dependence however has its price as it disincentivised the country to seek ways and means to improve productivity and efficiency. Although the country is self-sufficient in poultry meat, there are still pertinent issues with regards to production sustainability, accessibility and utilisation, particularly food safety. The production is mainly based on imported feed. The share of food price to the overall consumer price index is 30.3% which indicates little margin for changes in food prices. Efforts to improve food safety, which is a market failure, must be evaluated in terms of their impact on additional costs and returns to producers, risk reduction, economic gains for the domestic industry, and positive spillovers for food safety in the domestic food system. To the extent that the externality costs are borne by society, it is unlikely that the supply and demand functions will fully embody the economic consequences of the consumption of the food. In the National Agro-food Policy (2011–2020), the overall objective with respect to the poultry industry is to improve productivity and competitiveness to ensure food security for the nation and increase exports and sufficient supply to consumers at reasonable prices. The initiatives include new technology adoption, R&D in feed production, and improve surveillance for disease free poultry production, in particular adoption of good agricultural practices. On top of these, the industry requires better market information system, effective risk management system, and social safety nets

Price relations between Malaysia rice sector and selected ASEAN countries

Aim/Purpose: This research paper attempts to assess how the Malaysia rice industry will behave if and when certain changes occur, such as the removal of policies which affect its rice import price (namely the Vietnam rice floor export price and Thailand rice pledging scheme) and which result from the ongoing region economic integration embodied in ASEAN Vision 2020. Background: Malaysia rice farming sector compared to its ASEAN neighbors has a lower comparative advantage, this is transpiring in the lowering of the rice selfsufficiency targets and levels, moreover it is characterized as less efficiently managed compared to industrial farms. Therefore, Malaysia will continue to be a net importer of rice. It is against the background that this research was done, to anticipate how the Malaysia rice industry would behave if and when the existing trade barriers in the ASEAN rice market are removed and for the adjustment of Malaysia rice farming parameters to meet the desired state of rice selfsufficiency level. Methodology: A system dynamics model of Malaysia rice sector with consideration of its rice import prices from ASEAN trade partners was built and tested to check if it mimics real world behavior pattern. Nevertheless, the exercise in which the model built was purposed is to foresight, the ability to anticipate how the system will behave if and when certain changes occur and a tool for policy design, it is not forecasting and it does not depend on the ability to predict. Contribution: This study is in the line with previous related studies with the concern of the impact of trade liberalization on the global as well as ASEAN rice market. However, the beauty of the methodology applied is into taking account of nonlinear relationship among variables of the system, the feedback loop mechanism, time delays, and the incorporation of all variables that are relevant to the problem endogenously. Thus, the model simulation results are driven not by external factors, but by the internal structure of the model. The internal structure made of the feedback loos formed by the interdependency between variables. Findings: Simulation results obtained from different Malaysia rice import price scenarios indicate a downtrend of the Malaysia rice self-sufficiency level and of less importance; the change is less than one percentage point. Recommendations for Practitioners: Given the long run trend relationship between the rice import prices and the self-sufficiency levels, it may be advisable to policy makers to let the economic arguments for open trade with the risk of an increasing trend of import prices. It also prevails over the food security arguments, which might be involved in unintended consequences resulting from different forms of government intervention in the market. Recommendation for Researchers: There is a need to continue to conduct test based on new scenarios and model assumptions. New research to assess the impact of selected ASEAN countries price policies on Malaysia rice industry may produce different results and recommendations. For example if we assume these selected ASEAN countries price policies are moving towards a free trade orientation, as well as the Malaysia rice industry. Impact on Society: Food security is essential to the survival of the society. Thus, the supply of a staple commodity such as rice in Malaysia is essential to the social, political and economic stability of the society. Understanding the supply and demand conditions affecting the distribution of this product in the Country is critical for public and private policy making about the development of the economy and society. Rice commodity was conceptualized as a normal good in this study and we gained an insight on the rice consumption per capita behavior through different Malaysia rice import prices. What if the rice commodity is conceptually modeled as an inferior good, definitely rice consumption per capita behavior will change, with its associated impact on the economy and society. This study enables us to investigate the possible outcomes for various scenarios. Future Research: For further research, this system dynamics model of Malaysia rice industry can be improved by including some variables closely related to trade such as the exchange rate between the United States dollar and ASEAN countries currency. In addition, some other variables (e.g. oil price) which can affect the rice production such as the climate change and some variables on the rice consumers side such as the changing consumer preferences (normal Vs inferior commodity), or on the rice/paddy farmers side such as poverty alleviation