Psychometric Properties of the Iranian Version of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2)

Background: The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ) and the BREQ-2 are the most commonly used measures of behavioural regulation in exercise psychology. The purpose of the study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the BREQ-2 on a sample of university students.Methods: The BREQ-2 was translated into Persian by qualified experts and the psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed. Content validity was established, using a panel of 12 Iranian experts in the areas of health education, psychology, and exercise. Construct validity was assessed via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), using LISREL 8.80 (N = 418). The reliability of the BREQ-2 was assessed, using a 2-week test-retest to establish its stability and Cronbach’s Alpha to estimate its internal consistency.Results: The Iranian version of the BREQ-2 was slightly modified to improve content validity. Primary results of confirmatory factor analysis did not fully support the 5-factor uncorrelated model. The model was modified; and the fit indices indicated that the 5-factor correlated model was the best fit. The scale was found to have acceptable internal consistency (α > 0.7) and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] > 0.80).Conclusion: The Iranian BREQ-2 has acceptable validity and reliability in the study sample and may be used in relevant studies to assess behavioural regulation in similar samples

The need of design a tool to measure smoking literacy for Iranian society

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The need to pay attention to differences in health literacy and knowledge in health education interventions

The Health Literacy (HL) is an individual and social capacity for access, understanding, evaluation of information and health services, and optimal utilization of it for health promotion [1]. Today, HL has been recognized as an important and vital indicator of the results and costs of health care the need for the effective health care system, has a good level of health literacy [2]. According to studies by the United States Health Care Strategies, people with low levels of HL are less likely to understand the written and spoken information provided by health professionals and act according to instructions, and therefore the have a poorer health status, hospitalization rates and referrals to the doctor are higher, they act poorly in self-care skills, have less preventive care, and thus incur more medical expenses [1]

A school-based randomized controlled trial to improve physical activity among Iranian high school girls

Background: Physical activity (PA) rates decline precipitously during the high school years and are consistently lower among adolescent girls than adolescent boys. Due to cultural barriers, this problem might be exacerbated in female Iranian adolescents. However, little intervention research has been conducted to try to increase PA participation rates with this population. Because PA interventions in schools have the potential to reach many children and adolescents, this study reports on PA intervention research conducted in all-female Iranian high schools. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine the effects of two six-month tailored interventions on potential determinants of PA and PA behavior. Students (N = 161) were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: an intervention based on Pender's Health Promotion model (HP), an intervention based on an integration of the health promotion model and selected constructs from the Transtheoretical model (THP), and a control group (CON). Measures were administered prior to the intervention, at post-intervention and at a six-month follow-up. Results: Repeated measure ANOVAs showed a significant interaction between group and time for perceived benefits, self efficacy, interpersonal norms, social support, behavioral processes, and PA behavior, indicating that both intervention groups significantly improved across the 24-week intervention, whereas the control group did not. Participants in the THP group showed greater use of counter conditioning and stimulus control at post-intervention and at follow-up. While there were no significant differences in PA between the HP and CON groups at follow-up, a significant difference was still found between the THP and the CON group. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence of the effectiveness of a PA intervention based on Pender's HP model combined with selected aspects of the TTM on potential determinants to increase PA among Iranian high school girls

Which dimensions of Health Literacy predict the adoption of smoking preventive Behaviors?

Abstract:Background: Health literacy (HL) is related with the adoption of preventive behaviors. Considering the increase smoking among students, this study aimed to determine the effective dimensions of HL in predicting the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors in students.Materials and methods: In the present cross-sectional and descriptive study, 280 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were selected through single-stage cluster sampling method.A questionnaire of HL measurement (HL for Iranian Adults) and also a valid and reliable researcher-madequestionnaire were exploited for measuring the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) and descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple logistic regression analysis. All stages of the study were conducted ethically.Results: The mean (± standard deviation) score for adoption of smoking preventive behaviors were 39.36±19.16 out of 100. Understanding and access to health information dimensions received the highest scores, while decision making and application of health information as well as reading obtained the lowestscores. Multiple regression analysis reflected that the dimensions of understanding (β=0.216, P=0.017) and decision making and the application of health information (β=0.324, P=0.001) were predictors of adoption of smoking preventive behaviors. Overall, these variables could predict 23.1% of behavioral changes.Conclusion: According to the results of the study, in designing educational interventions for the prevention of smoking, special attention should be paid to HL, especially the dimensions of reading, understanding and decision making as well as application of health information in the audience

Measuring the Structures of the Health Belief Model Integrated with Health Literacy in Predicting University Students’ Adoption of Smoking Preventive Behaviors

Objective(s): One of the priorities of public health in reducing smoking is to prevent young people from becoming smokers. Health literacy (HL), smoking, and preventive behaviors are related. Moreover, HL has a potential impact on strengthening the Health Belief Model (HBM). Considering the high prevalence of smoking among university students, the current study was conducted to measure the structures of the HBM integrated with HL in predicting university students’ adoption of smoking preventive behaviors.     Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Three hundred and forty dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2016, were selected through single-stage cluster sampling for the study. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the HBM and the HL inventory for adults (HELIA). The data were analyzed using SPSS software version.16, descriptive statistical, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression and independent T-test. Results: The multiple regression analysis showed that the application of health information from five dimensions of HL, perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy, and decision-making dimensions were the predictors of smoking prevention. Also, the structures of this integrated model were able to anticipate 36.5% of the behavioral changes. Conclusion: The HBM integrated with HL can be used as an appropriate framework for designing educational programs in order to encourage university students to adopt smoking preventive behaviors

Investigating the health literacy influencing ways on the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors in Health Belief Model developed by health literacy

Background and Aims: Incorporation of health literacy (HL) into health belief model (HBM) assist in strengthening the performance of this model in predicting smoking preventive behavior. However, the type of such an effect and the way in which the HL works in this hybrid model has not yet been determined. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the influencing ways of HL on adoption of smoking preventive behavior in HBM incorporated with HL.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 340 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran were enrolled using single-stage cluster sampling. The data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire based on HBM on smoking prevention and HL questionnaire (HELIA). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and path analysis method based on single-variable and multiple regressions. All stages of the study were conducted ethically.Results: HL had a direct and statistically significant effect on all structures of the model and adoption of behavior. Also, it indirectly influenced adoption of behavior by influencing the structures of the model. Only perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy variables significantly affect adoption of behavior. In addition, the indirect effect of HL on the adoption of behavior was greater than its direct effect.Conclusion: It is possible to improve the degree of HL and, therefore, the adoption of smoking preventive behavior among students through the use of HBM incorporated with HL, which emphasizes on perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy variables

Reinforcing the performance of health belief model using health literacy in anticipating adoption of smoking preventive behaviors in university students

Background and objective: Health literacy (HL) is associated with the adoption of preventive behaviors and has a potential effect on reinforcing the health belief model (HBM). Due to the increasing prevalence of smoking among university students, this study aimed to determine the role of HL in reinforcing the performance of HBM in anticipating the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors. Methods:This cross-sectional study was carried out among 340 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, selected by sinle-stage cluster sampling. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on HBMfor smoking preventive behaviors and HL questionnaire (HELIA). The data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis method by Liserl software 8.8 and multiple regression analysiswith SPSS software. Results: The results of the validity of two versions of HBM(original version and combined version with HL) in confirmatory factor analysis showed that fitness indexes of combined version with HL are better. Multiple regression analysisreflected that the coverage ratio of behavior variance of the combined version (r2= 36.5) is more than the original version (r2= 24. 6).   Conclusion: To design and implement educational programs in order to adoption of smoking preventive behaviorsamong students, using HBM combined with HL is more effective than the original version of this model. Paper Type:Research Article

Psychometric properties of the scale on the related factors to smoking prevention among students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences based on Health Belief Model

زمینه و اهداف: علیرغم موثر بودن مداخلات مبتنی بر الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی بر ارتقای رفتارهای پیشگیرانه از مصرف سیگار و ضرورت پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار در بین دانشجویان، پرسشنامه استانداردی در این زمینه در ایران وجود ندارد. لذا در این مطالعه، محققان روایی و پایایی پرسشنامه عوامل مربوط به پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار در دانشجویان براساس الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی را مورد بررسی قرار دادند.     مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه مقطعی تحلیلی میان 348 نفر از دانشجویان خوابگاهی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی تهران در سال 1395 انجام شد. نمونه‌گیری به صورت خوشه‌ای یک مرحله‌ای انجام شد. برای بررسی روایی صوری و محتوایی از دو روش کیفی و کمی استفاده شد، برای بررسی پایایی پرسشنامه و روایی سازه آن از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ و تحلیل عاملی تائیدی استفاده شد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم افزارهای لیزرل 8/8  و SPSS نسخه 16 استفاده شد. تمامی مراحل مطالعه حاضر طبق موازین اخلاقی اجرا گردید.   یافته‌ها: ضریب تاثیر، نسبت روایی محتوا و شاخص روایی محتوا سازه‌های پرسشنامه به ترتیب در فاصله 4/5 -4/1، 0/97-0/79و 0/96-0/90 بود. مقادیر آلفای کرونباخ برای سازه‌های پرسشنامه بین 0/70 تا 0/90 به دست آمد. الگوی 5 عاملی شامل سازه‌های حساسیت، شدت، موانع، منافع و خودکارآمدی درک شده تایید گردید (3/25= X2/df، 0/96=CFI، 0/081=RMSEA). نتیجه‌گیری: پرسشنامه عوامل مرتبط با پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار براساس الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی از روایی و پایایی در جمعیت هدف دانشجویان برخوردار بود.Background and Aims: Despite the effectiveness of interventions based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on improving the smoking preventive behaviors and the necessity of smoking prevention among students, there is no standard questionnaire in this regard in Iran. Therefore, in this study, the validity and reliability of the scale related to the smoking prevention factors among students based on the HBM were assessed.   Materials and Methods: The present analytical cross-sectional study was carried out among 348 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, in 2016. Single-stage cluster sampling was conducted. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to assess the face and content validity. The reliability of the scale and the structure validity were determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory face analysis. Lisers 8.8 and SPSS 16 software were used to analyze the data. All stages of the study were conducted ethically.   Results: Impact score, content validity ratio and content validity index of the structures of the scale were in the range of 4.1 - 4.5, 0.79 - 0.97 and 0.90 - 0.96, respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for structures of the scale was obtained from 0.70 to 0.90. Five-factor model including perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers, benefits and self-efficacy were confirmed (RMSEA = 0.081, CFI = 0.96, X2/df = 3.25).    Conclusion: Scale on the related factors to the smoking prevention based on HBM had the validity and reliability in the target population of the students