A Review on Accounts Manipulation Via Loan Loss Provisions to Manage Earnings and impact of IFRS

Among research on financial reporting in banking industry, studies specifically investigate estimation on provisions that are important bank accruals. Using a non-statistical technique of meta-synthezis on our review, we have researched the motives, existence, and effects of IFRS in income smoothing. Management can apply income smoothing based on self interest purposes that are related to work contracts and bonuses, then about dividents, about their reputation regarding the prediction of incomes, to avoid lack of analists’ expectations on incomes, to signal information on incomes, etc. Most of the research identify income smoothing in the banking sector, but also in other industries. Aside from this, based on research, application of IFRS-es has not decreased income smoothing in most of the countries where the studies were conducted. &nbsp

Studies on Isolation and Identification of Bacteria in Lactic Milk

This scientific work is devoted to the milk produced by cattle farms - cows in Kosovo. Kosovo is a new country and as such is not yet sufficiently consolidated in all its areas of social - political, legal, and economic, health, food and agriculture. Its boundaries are not completely controlled, and it makes for penetrating foreign goods from countries of the region and the world in general. Good of dubious origin food plant or animal, which pose a serious threat primarily to public health and food security in Kosovo market. Control over food quality sound and not be absent for our customers, who do not lose faith in local food products, including dairy products. The purpose of this paper is to understand how the system of technology works and food biotechnology and focus on driving study elements technological processes of various products and by-products of milk

Studies on Isolation and Identification of Bacteria in Lactic Milk

This scientific work is devoted to the milk produced by cattle farms - cows in Kosovo. Kosovo is a new country and as such is not yet sufficiently consolidated in all its areas of social - political, legal, and economic, health, food and agriculture. Its boundaries are not completely controlled, and it makes for penetrating foreign goods from countries of the region and the world in general. Good of dubious origin food plant or animal, which pose a serious threat primarily to public health and food security in Kosovo market. Control over food quality sound and not be absent for our customers, who do not lose faith in local food products, including dairy products. The purpose of this paper is to understand how the system of technology works and food biotechnology, and focus on driving study elements technological processes of various products and by-products of milk.Keywords: bacteria, milk, colon, incubi, microscopy

The Current Global Financial Crisis 2008-2011

The current global financial crisis is considered as one of the biggest crises after the crisis of the years of 30’s.  The global financial crisis has affected all countries including developed and developing ones. It also has affected all the industries. Population with the low-income faced the greatest consequences. The last hope for the survival of the market economy was to undertake important steps for the nationalization of bankrupted banks and companies, thereby developing policies for the preservation of jobs.   Through this analysis, we have included briefly some of the development followed the period of 2008 and onwards. A summary of statistics for some important economic indicators such as employment, foreign direct investment, exporting and importing is covered in this study as well.&nbsp

Podešavanje prihoda kroz rezervacije za gubitke po kreditima u bankama Južne i Istočne Europe

This study provides empirical evidence on income smoothing from the banking sector in nine South-Eastern Europe (SEE) countries for the period 2005-2014 by applying a number of methodological approaches. First, by using a sample of 321 banks this paper confirms our first hypothesis that banks in the SEE region use loan loss provisions (LLPs) to smooth their incomes. Second, by dividing the loan loss provision into its two components (discretionary and non-discretionary,) the study provides new evidence on the effects of loan loss provisions components on growth in bank lending. The results clearly prove our second hypothesis that the components of LLPs do matter on growth in bank lending. Third, this paper estimates the use of loan loss provisions for capital management by banks. The empirical results do not support the hypothesis of capital management for SEE banks. The novelty of this paper, unlike other works, is the inclusion of SEE countries.Ovo istraživanje primjenom brojnih metodoloških pristupa pruža empirijske dokaze o izravnavanju prihoda u bankarskom sektoru u devet zemalja jugoistočne Europe (JIE) za razdoblje 2005.-2014. Prvo, korištenjem uzorka od 321 banke, ovaj rad potvrđuje našu prvu hipotezu da banke u regiji Jugoistočne Europe koriste rezervacije za gubitke po kreditima (LLP) kako bi izravnale svoje prihode. Drugo, dijeljenjem rezerviranja za kreditne gubitke na njegove dvije komponente (diskrecijsku i ne-diskrecijsku), ovo istraživanje pruža nove dokaze o učincima komponenata rezervacija za kreditne gubitke na rast bankarskog kreditiranja. Rezultati jasno potvrđuju našu drugu hipotezu da su komponente LLP-a bitne za rast bankarskog kreditiranja. Treće, ovaj rad procjenjuje upotrebu banaka za rezerviranje gubitaka po kreditima za upravljanje kapitalom. Empirijski rezultati ne podupiru hipotezu o upravljanju kapitalom za banke u jugoistočnoj Europi. Za razliku od ostalih istraživanja, novost u ovome radu je uključivanje zemalja jugoistočne Europe

Suicide During The Pandemic Time

In recent years the biggest challenge facing humanity is the Covid-19 pandemic.This is a challenge that has manifested itself in many problems in all spheres of life. One of the areas that have affected him is mental health, which has been much discussed.However, the other main issue that this study is about is suicides and the causes that brought them about.Suicide is a complex act and appears due to many factors, which are sometimes known, and some cases remain unknown at the time of death. But, the purpose of this study is to study the known causes that caused suicides during the time of the pandemic.Identifying specific factors associated with changing the suicide case ratio provides valuable information to the community. To raise his awareness about such cases and to sensitize them to approach them properly.The result of this study is to determine how various factors around us play a major role in our mental health and our emotional state by pushing us towards committing the act of suicide. These results include a description of the characteristics of each factor and how influential they are.To have a safer and more efficient treatment of these cases, this study contributes to the field of medicine, integrating also the field of psychology and sociology.Thus, through the cooperation of these areas competent for these issues, suicide prevention can be achieved

A Comparative Study of Prudential Regulation on Loan Classification and Provisioning of the South East European Countries

This paper has been prepared to describe the regulatory measures regarding Loan classification and provisioning of South East Europe countries like Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. A proper loan classification and provisioning system ensures credibility of the financial system that in turn restores trust and confidence in the mind of depositors. Determining what constitutes an adequate level of provisions to absorb credit losses is often subject of debate between banks and supervisors, as changes in provisioning estimate an immediate impact in bank earnings and, eventually, regulatory capital. A comparative analysis in this study between South East Europe (SEE) countries shows that countries have the regulatory measures which correspond with international standards. However, the criteria for classifying and provisioning loan portfolios depend on the prudential policies of the central banks. In the area of NPL definition, we find that almost all of the countries in the region have some type of asset classification system in place covering all types of borrowers. Non performing exposures in the region are generally defined three criteria: 90 days past due status, borrower bankruptcy, and the significant financial difficulty of the borrower. Countries with the highest rate of non‑performing loans (2005–2015) are Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, while the countries with the highest percentage of coverage with provisions are: Kosovo, Macedonia and Serbia

Impact of competition and concentration on bank income smoothing in Central and Eastern European countries

Purpose - This study examines the impact of competition and concentration on bank income smoothing in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Design/methodology/approach The two-step system GMM method was used to analyse the impact of competition and concentration on bank income smoothing in 17 CEEs from 2004 to 2015. Findings Loan loss provisions (LLPs) are negatively related to bank competition and concentration. The authors find no evidence for income smoothing using LLPs in a high-competition or high-concentration environment. Research limitations/implications A limitation of the study is that the analysis was restricted to commercial banks. The authors did not examine investment banks or microfinance banks in this study. Also, not having access to databases does not allow them to include recent years in the study. Practical implications CEE commercial banks will likely keep fewer provisions or engage in under-provisioning when they face intense competition, and this can expose them to credit risk, which may threaten their stability. Originality/value This study is the first to investigate the effect of concentration and competition on income smoothing among CEE banks