THE WAYS AND MODELS OF HIGHER EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT

O artigo é dedicado ao estudo das características e perspectivas de desenvolvimento do sistema de ensino superior, tanto na arena global quanto na Rússia. Os resultados do estudo são baseados nas opiniões de especialistas e profissionais estrangeiros e russos da esfera da educação. As pesquisas foram divididas nos principais blocos, como as tendências no desenvolvimento do sistema de ensino superior no mundo e na Rússia; o sistema de ensino superior na Rússia e sua transformação em novas realidades econômicas e sociais; o sistema internacional de avaliação de universidades e suas perspectivas na Federação Russa; as formas de desenvolvimento das universidades russas no mundo digital moderno. São apresentadas as opiniões de especialistas sobre o conceito de modelo de referência universitário.    El artículo está dedicado al estudio de las características y perspectivas de desarrollo del sistema de educación superior, tanto en el ámbito mundial como en Rusia. Los resultados del estudio se basan en las opiniones de expertos y profesionales extranjeros y rusos del ámbito de la educación. Las encuestas se dividieron en los bloques principales, como las tendencias en el desarrollo del sistema de educación superior en el mundo y en Rusia; el sistema de educación superior en Rusia y su transformación en nuevas realidades económicas y sociales; el sistema internacional para la evaluación de universidades y sus perspectivas en la Federación de Rusia; Las formas de desarrollo de las universidades rusas en el mundo digital moderno. Se presentan las opiniones de expertos sobre el concepto de modelo de referencia universitaria.The article is devoted to the study of the features and prospects of development of the system of higher education, both in the global arena and in Russia. The results of the study are based on the opinions of foreign and Russian experts and practitioners from the sphere of education. The surveys were divided into the main blocks, such as the trends in development of higher education system in the world and in Russia; the system of higher education in Russia and its transformation in new economic and social realities; the international system for the assessment of universities, and its prospects in the Russian Federation; the ways of development of Russian universities in the modern digital world. The opinions of experts on the concept of university reference model are presented

Homocysteine aggravates ROS-induced depression of transmitter release from motor nerve terminals: Potential mechanism of peripheral impairment in motor neuron diseases associated with hyperhomocysteinemia

© 2015 Bukharaeva, Shakirzyanova, Khuzakhmetova, Sitdikova and Giniatullin. Homocysteine (HCY) is a pro-inflammatory sulphur-containing redox active endogenous amino acid, which concentration increases in neurodegenerative disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A widely held view suggests that HCY could contribute to neurodegeneration via promotion of oxidative stress. However, the action of HCY on motor nerve terminals has not been investigated so far. We previously reported that oxidative stress inhibited synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction, targeting primarily the motor nerve terminals. In the current study, we investigated the effect of HCY on oxidative stress-induced impairment of transmitter release at the mouse diaphragm muscle. The mild oxidant H2O2 decreased the intensity of spontaneous quantum release from nerve terminals (measured as the frequency of miniature endplate potentials, MEPPs) without changes in the amplitude of MEPPs, indicating a presynaptic effect. Pre-treatment with HCY for 2 h only slightly affected both amplitude and frequency of MEPPs but increased the inhibitory potency of H2O2 almost two fold. As HCY can activate certain subtypes of glutamate N-methyl Daspartate (NMDA) receptors we tested the role of NMDA receptors in the sensitizing action of HCY. Remarkably, the selective blocker of NMDA receptors, AP-5 completely removed the sensitizing effect of HCY on the H2O2-induced presynaptic depressant effect. Thus, at the mammalian neuromuscular junction HCY largely increases the inhibitory effect of oxidative stress on transmitter release, via NMDA receptors activation. This combined effect of HCY and local oxidative stress can specifically contribute to the damage of presynaptic terminals in neurodegenerative motoneuron diseases, including ALS

Free association experiment in determining the gender characteristics in the understanding of the concept "мong" by the speakers of Tatar linguistic culture

The relevance stated in the article the problem is due to the fact that the study of key concepts of the cultures is in recent times one of the dominant positions within the framework of the problem of interaction and mutual influence of language and cultureand the results of mass association experiment ongender-specificby the speakers of Tatar Linguistic Culture. The article includes the study of main characteristics of the concept "Моң" [moŋ] (lyrical sadness, melody) as an emotional concept in the Tatar language picture of the world and its derivations. The purpose of the study is to examine the representation of linguistic-cultural concept in the Tatar national-cultural picture of the world by means of mass associative experiment that extends the knowledge about the specifics of the Tatar mentality. The choice of methods of linguoculturological analysis, including the observation of language material and the description of linguistic facts, the method of analysis of dictionary definitions, etymological, contextual and interpretative analyses, structural-semantic modeling of lexical units, statistical method for processing language material, the associative interrogation of informants, due to the specifics of the studied material,that allow us to thoroughly review and analyze the studied concept. The analysis of the linguistic-cultural concept allows revealing the peculiarities of development of national and linguistic consciousness, to fix the reflection on the verbal level of cogitative activity of the Tatar people, the specifics of his mental world. The results of mass associative experiment can contribute to further study of the culturally significant concepts of the Tatar language picture of the world.Keywords and phrases: education, student. Concept, linguoculturological field, Linguisticculturology, language picture of the world, the association, a mass association experimen

Age-dependent action of reactive oxygen species on transmitter release in mammalian neuromuscular junctions

© 2016 Elsevier Inc.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in aging, but the neurobiological mechanisms of ROS action are not fully understood. Using electrophysiological techniques and biochemical assays, we studied the age-dependent effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on acetylcholine release in rat diaphragm neuromuscular junctions. H2O2 significantly inhibited both spontaneous (measured as frequency of miniature end-plate potentials) and evoked (amplitude of end-plate potentials) transmitter release in adult rats. The inhibitory effect of H2O2 was much stronger in old rats, whereas in newborns tested during the first postnatal week, H2O2 did not affect spontaneous release from nerve endings and potentiated end-plate potentials. Proteinkinase C activation or intracellular Ca2+ elevation restored redox sensitivity of miniature end-plate potentials in newborns. The resistance of neonates to H2O2 inhibition was associated with higher catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in skeletal muscle. In contrast, the activities of these enzymes were downregulated in old rats. Our data indicate that the vulnerability of transmitter release to oxidative damage strongly correlates with aging and might be used as an early indicator of senescence

Selective Calcium-Dependent Inhibition of ATP-Gated P2X3 Receptors by Bisphosphonate-Induced Endogenous ATP Analog ApppI

Copyright © 2017 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Pain is the most unbearable symptom accompanying primary bone cancers and bone metastases. Bone resorptive disorders are often associated with hypercalcemia, contributing to the pathologic process. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs) are efficiently used to treat bone cancers and metastases. Apart from their toxic effect on cancer cells, NBPs also provide analgesia via poorly understood mechanisms. We previously showed that NBPs, by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway, induced formation of novel ATP analogs such as ApppI [1-adenosin-5'-yl ester 3-(3-methylbut-3-enyl) triphosphoric acid diester], which can potentially be involved in NBP analgesia. In this study, we used the patch-clamp technique to explore the action of ApppI on native ATP-gated P2X receptors in rat sensory neurons and rat and human P2X3, P2X2, and P2X7 receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. We found that although ApppI has weak agonist activity, it is a potent inhibitor of P2X3 receptors operating in the nanomolar range. The inhibitory action of ApppI was completely blocked in hypercalcemia-like conditions and was stronger in human than in rat P2X3 receptors. In contrast, P2X2 and P2X7 receptors were insensitive to ApppI, suggesting a high selectivity of ApppI for the P2X3 receptor subtype. NBP, metabolite isopentenyl pyrophosphate, and endogenous AMP did not exert any inhibitory action, indicating that only intact ApppI has inhibitory activity. Ca2+-dependent inhibition was stronger in trigeminal neurons preferentially expressing desensitizing P2X3 subunits than in nodose ganglia neurons, which also express nondesensitizing P2X2 subunits. Altogether, we characterized previously unknown purinergic mechanisms of NBP-induced metabolites and suggest ApppI as the endogenous pain inhibitor contributing to cancer treatment with NBPs

Estimation of efficiency of early identification and correction of hydronephrosis in newborns

In this article we present the results of ultrasound monitoring of newborn children diagnosed with hydronephrosis, born in the period from 2015 to 2018 under observation in clinic ODKB, Ekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk region.В статье представлены данные УЗИ мониторинга новорожденных детей с диагнозом гидронефроз, рожденных в период с 2015 по 2018 годы, находившихся на лечении в ОДКБ г. Екатеринбург, Свердловской области

Collagen XIII secures pre- and postsynaptic integrity of the neuromuscular synapse

© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Both transmembrane and extracellular cues, one of which is collagen XIII, regulate the formation and function of the neuromuscular synapse, and their absence results in myasthenia. We show that the phenotypical changes in collagen XIII knock-out mice are milder than symptoms in human patients, but the Col13a1 -/- mice recapitulate major muscle findings of congenital myasthenic syndrome type 19 and serve as a disease model. In the lack of collagen XIII neuromuscular synapses do not reach full size, alignment, complexity and function resulting in reduced muscle strength. Collagen XIII is particularly important for the preterminal integrity, and when absent, destabilization of the motor nerves results in muscle regeneration and in atrophy especially in the case of slow muscle fibers. Collagen XIII was found to affect synaptic integrity through binding the ColQ tail of acetylcholine esterase. Although collagen XIII is a muscle-bound transmembrane molecule, it also undergoes ectodomain shedding to become a synaptic basal lamina component. We investigated the two forms' roles by novel Col13a1 tm/tm mice in which ectodomain shedding is impaired. While postsynaptic maturation, terminal branching and neurotransmission was exaggerated in the Col13a1 tm/tm mice, the transmembrane form's presence sufficed to prevent defects in transsynaptic adhesion, Schwann cell invagination/retraction, vesicle accumulation and acetylcholine receptor clustering and acetylcholinesterase dispersion seen in the Col13a1 -/- mice, pointing to the transmembrane form as the major conductor of collagen XIII effects. Altogether, collagen XIII secures postsynaptic, synaptic and presynaptic integrity, and it is required for gaining and maintaining normal size, complexity and functional capacity of the neuromuscular synapse

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ОТКРЫТОГО СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОГО РАНДОМИЗИРОВАННОГО КЛИНИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПРЕПАРАТА АКСОГЛАТИРАН® ФС (ЗАО «Ф-СИНТЕЗ», РОССИЯ) В СРАВНЕНИИ С ПРЕПАРАТОМ КОПАКСОН®-ТЕВА (ТЕВА ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ ЛТД., ИЗРАИЛЬ) У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С РЕЦИДИВИРУЮЩИМ РЕМИТТИРУЮЩИМ РАССЕЯННЫМ СКЛЕРОЗОМ

Objective. Comparison of Axoglatiran® FS (F-Sintez,  Russia) and Copaxone®-Teva (Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.,  Israel) efficiency and safety in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Materials and methods. In the study 150 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis were randomized into 2 groups: patients in the 1st group (n = 100) received treatment with Axoglatiran® FS, patients in the 2nd group (n = 50) received treatment with Copaxone®-Teva. Vital signs of every patient in the study were monitored accompanied by physical examinations, neurological examinations with EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale) and MSFC (Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite) evaluations, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and lab tests. Results. Mean age (M ± SD) of the patients in the 1st group was 32.8 ± 8.7 years (20–54  years), percentages of men and women were 34 and 66 % respectively, mean age of multiple sclerosis onset was 27.93 ± 7.72 years (11–48 years). Median (Me), lower and upper quartiles estimates [LQ; UQ] on the EDSS scale were 2 [1.5; 3.0] steps (1.0–4.5  steps). In the 2nd group mean age of the patients was 35.2 ± 9.5 years (18–57  years), percentages of men and women were 24 and 76 % respectively, mean age of multiple sclerosis onset was 26.5 ± 6.9 years (18–47  years), EDSS estimates were 2.25 [1.5; 3.5] steps (1–5  steps). In the 1st group 88 (88 %) patients completed the study, in the 2nd  group 44 (88 %) patients completed the study. Among them in 73 (82.95 %) patients in the 1st group and 34 (77.27 %) patients in the 2nd  group the disease didn’t exacerbate (p > 0.05). In both groups no progression according to the EDSS and MSFC scale was observed (p > 0.05). Magnetic resonance imaging data showed that dynamics of the total number of T2 lesions, contrast-enhancing T1 lesions, atrophy degree estimated using internuclear index were comparable in both groups (p > 0.05). Safety profiles of Axoglatiran® FS and Copaxone®Teva were evaluated as satisfactory in both groups: local reactions were the most common adverse event (57.7 and 63.0 % in the 1st  and 2nd groups respectively).Conclusion. Efficiency, safety and tolerability of Axoglatiran® FS is comparable with the reference medicine Copaxone®-Teva in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. This result allows to recommend the use of Axoglatiran® FS in clinical practice.Цель исследования. Сравнение эффективности и безопасности применения препарата Аксоглатиран®  ФС (ЗАО «Ф-Синтез», Россия) и препарата Копаксон®-Тева (Тева Фармацевтические Предприятия Лтд., Израиль) у пациентов с рецидивирующим ремиттирующим рассеянным склерозом.Материалы и методы. Всего в исследование были включены 150 больных рецидивирующим ремиттирующим рассеянным склерозом, рандомизированных в 2 группы: пациенты 1-й группы (n = 100) получали лечение препаратом Аксоглатиран® ФС, пациенты 2-й группы (n = 50) – препаратом Копаксон®-Тева. Всем больным осуществляли анализ жизненно важных показателей, физикальный осмотр, неврологический осмотр с оценкой по EDSS (ExpandedDisabilityStatusScale, расширенная шкала оценки степени инвалидизации), MSFC (MultipleSclerosisFunctionalComposite, комплексная функциональная шкала), магнитно-резонансную томографию головного мозга, лабораторные анализы.Результаты. Средний возраст (M ± SD) пациентов 1-й группы составил 32,8 ± 8,7 года (20–54 года), доля мужчин и женщин – 34 и 66 % соответственно, средний возраст дебюта рассеянного склероза – 27,93 ± 7,72 года (11–48 лет). Оценка медианы (Me), нижнего и верхнего квартилей [LQ; UQ] по шкале EDSS – 2 [1,5; 3,0] балла (1,0–4,5 балла). Во 2-й группе средний возраст пациентов – 35,2 ± 9,5 года (18–57 лет), доля мужчин и женщин – 24 и 76 % соответственно, средний возраст дебюта рассеянного склероза – 26,5 ± 6,9 года (18–47  лет), оценка по EDSS – 2,25 [1,5; 3,5] балла (1–5  баллов). В 1-й группе исследование в полном объеме завершили 88 (88 %) пациентов, во 2-й – 44 (88 %). Из них 73 (82,95 %) больных 1-й группы и 34 (77,27 %) пациента 2-й группы не имели обострений (p > 0,05). В обеих группах прогрессирования по оценкам EDSS и MSFC не отмечено (p > 0,05). По данным магнитно-резонансной томографии динамика общего количества Т2-очагов, контрастируемых Т1-очагов, объема Т2-очагов, критерия атрофии по межъядерному показателю в обеих группах была сопоставимой (p > 0,05). Профиль безопасности применения препаратов Аксоглатиран® ФС и Копаксон®-Тева был оценен как удовлетворительный в обеих группах: чаще наблюдались местные реакции (57,7 и 63,0 % в 1-й и 2-й группах соответственно).Выводы. Эффективность, безопасность и переносимость исследуемого препарата Аксоглатиран® ФС сопоставимы с референтным препаратом Копаксон®-Тева у пациентов с рецидивирующим ремиттирующим рассеянным склерозом, что позволяет рекомендовать его для внедрения в клиническую практику