Application of Partogragh on duration of labor and outcome of pregnancy among first time pregnant women

History and Objectives: The effect of partogragh on the duration of labor and its outcome on controversial. Due to lack of comprehensive study on the usefulness of partogragh and its benefits in Iran, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of the partograghy on the duration of labor and outcome of pregnancy among first time pregnant females referred to the Tehran's Mirza-Kockak-Khan hospital in 1997. Materials and Methods: A clinical trial on 200 pregnant women was carried out. Half of the individuals were under direct supervision and partograghy was used. The other half was taken as control group. The effect of partograghy on the duration of labor, number vaginal examination, prolonged labor, obstructed labor, apgar score, fetal death, type of labor, uterine, oxytocin infusion, duration of oxytocin infusion and amniotic stage was determined. Statistical significance of the data was presented. Results: In control and experimental group, mean age was 21.8±3 and duration of labor was 510.2±298 and 436±228 minutes respectively. Number of vaginal examination was 7 and 4.5 in control and experimental groups. Prolong labor was 26 and 10 and obstructed labor was 4 and 1 in control and experimental groups. Apgar score in the first minute in 99 of fetuses of the control mothers and 98 of fetuses on experimental mothers were 8 to 10. Fetal death and uterine was not observed in two groups. Four percent of labors in control and experimental (1 vacuum and 3 cesarean section) were abnormal. Oxytocin infusion was given to 545 of control and 15 of experimental group. Duration of oxytocin infusion was 268±142 and 233.6±110 minutes in control and experimental group respectively. Amniotomy was carried out in 38.9 of control and 5.8 of experimental group at first phase of labor. Conclusion: Application of partograghy as a inexpensive and useful instrument and its utility in early decision making and referral of pregnant women is helpful. In addition, partogragh increases quality and management of labor

Study of epidemiology of septic abortion in Mirza Koochak Khan Hospital, 1990-94

In a period of 5 years (1371-1375), 87 cases of septic abortion were analyzed in Mirza Koochak-Khan Hospital. Most cases were in 21-25 years old group (28.7%) and most of them were in 5 or more gravidity group (48.2%). Fever was the most important symptom in these patients (80.4%). In this 5 years, period patients have paid 45900000 RLS for septic abortion. Treatment for most patients was antimicrobial treatment and curettag

Toxic Elements in Food: Occurrence, Binding, and Reduction Approaches

Toxic elements such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and lead, sometimes called heavy metals, can diminish mental and central nervous system function; elicit damage to blood composition as well as the kidneys, lungs, and liver; and reduce energy levels. Food is considered one of the main routes of their entry into the human body. Numerous studies have been performed to examine the effects of common food processing procedures on the levels of toxic elements in food. While some studies have reported negative effects of processing, several have shown that processing practices may have a positive effect on the reduction of toxic elements in foodstuffs. A number of studies have also introduced protocols and suggested chemical agents that reduce the amount of toxic elements in the final food products. In this review, the reported methods employed for the reduction of toxic elements are discussed with particular emphasis on the chemical binding of both the organic and inorganic forms of each element in various foods. The molecular groups and the ligands by which the food products bind with the metals and the types of these reactions are also presented

Optimisation of the supercritical extraction of toxic elements in fish oil

This study aims to optimise the operating conditions for the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of toxic elements from fish oil. The SFE operating parameters of pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate and extraction time were optimised using a central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). High coefficients of determination (R2 ) (0.897–0.988) for the predicted response surface models confirmed a satisfactory adjustment of the polynomial regression models with the operation conditions. The results showed that the linear and quadratic terms of pressure and temperature were the most significant (p < 0.05) variables affecting the overall responses. The optimum conditions for the simultaneous elimination of toxic elements comprised a pressure of 61 MPa, a temperature of 39.8ºC, a CO2 flow rate of 3.7 ml min−1 and an extraction time of 4 h. These optimised SFE conditions were able to produce fish oil with the contents of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury reduced by up to 98.3%, 96.1%, 94.9% and 93.7%, respectively. The fish oil extracted under the optimised SFE operating conditions was of good quality in terms of its fatty acid constituents