Attitudes of Students of Sports Participants about Doping in Sports

The main objective of the research was to test the level of knowledge and to identify students' attitudes about the use of prohibited substances (drugs) in sports. The study included a total of 100 students, of Department of Physical Education and Sports in AMU, Aligarh. M.P.E.d and B.P.E.d students participated. As a way of gathering the necessary information an a questionnaire was used, with 13 clearly defined questions (11 closed type questions and 2 open-ended type questions) which were related to the specific knowledge and attitudes about the use of doping substances in sports. It is important to note that 80% of the participants involved in any sport (sport games, athletics, martial arts, skiing, tennis), different ranks of competition. The obtained results are relevant for the global indicator of awareness, knowledge and attitudes of students about the increasing problem of today's modern sport that is called doping. Keywords: Attitudes; Prevention; Students; Questionnaire; Doping;

Comparison of predictive values of Mannheim peritonitis index, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation-II and Portsmouth-POSSUM scoring systems for prognosis of mortality in patients with perforation peritonitis

Background: Perforation peritonitis has emerged as one of the very common cause of surgical emergencies, particularly in developing countries like India. If left untreated for long due to improper prognosis or late diagnosis, perforation peritonitis may prove potentially fatal with a high mortality and morbidity rate. Scoring systems like APACHE-II (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation), p-POSSUM (Portsmouth-POSSUM) and MPI (Mannheim peritonitis index) may serve as simple, critical, and efficient prognostic tools in predicting the mortality in patients with perforation peritonitis. Thus, the aim of the current investigation was to examine the usefulness and accuracy of these scoring systems for predicting the mortality rate in perforation peritonitis.Methods: Current study was a prospective observational comparative study conducted at department of general surgery, KK Hospital, Lucknow. Detailed clinical and lab investigations of the participating patients were done and their demographic details were documented. Using history, clinical examination and lab values p-POSSUM, APACHE-II and MPI scores were calculated. Scores of each scoring system were statistically analyzed in prognosticating the mortality rate.Results: Mean age of the participating patients was 41.24±19.32 years. Abdominal pain and vomiting were observed as the most common symptoms in majority of patients.  No mortality was observed in patients with ≤20 MPI score, ≤20 APACH-II scores and ≤55 p-POSSUM score. Whereas mortality rate was observed to be 21.53% in patients with >20 MPI score, 82% in >20 APACH-II scores and 78% in >55 p-POSSUM score.Conclusions: APACHE II and p-POSSUM scores had a higher sensitivity and specificity in comparison to MPI for predicting the mortality in perforation peritonitis

Transcriptome analysis of Bipolaris sorokiniana - Hordeum vulgare provides insights into mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction

Spot blotch disease incited by Bipolaris sorokiniana severely affects the cultivation of barley. The resistance to B. sorokiniana is quantitative in nature and its interaction with the host is highly complex which necessitates in-depth molecular analysis. Thus, the study aimed to conduct the transcriptome analysis to decipher the mechanisms and pathways involved in interactions between barley and B. sorokiniana in both the resistant (EC0328964) and susceptible (EC0578292) genotypes using the RNA Seq approach. In the resistant genotype, 6,283 genes of Hordeum vulgare were differentially expressed out of which 5,567 genes were upregulated and 716 genes were downregulated. 1,158 genes of Hordeum vulgare were differentially expressed in the susceptible genotype, out of which 654 genes were upregulated and 504 genes were downregulated. Several defense-related genes like resistant gene analogs (RGAs), disease resistance protein RPM1, pathogenesis-related protein PRB1-2-like, pathogenesis-related protein 1, thaumatin-like protein PWIR2 and defensin Tm-AMP-D1.2 were highly expressed exclusively in resistant genotype only. The pathways involved in the metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were the most prominently represented pathways in both the resistant and susceptible genotypes. However, pathways involved in MAPK signaling, plant-pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction were highly enriched in resistant genotype. Further, a higher number of pathogenicity genes of B. sorokiniana was found in response to the susceptible genotype. The pathways encoding for metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ABC transporters, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis were highly expressed in susceptible genotype in response to the pathogen. 14 and 11 genes of B. sorokiniana were identified as candidate effectors from susceptible and resistant host backgrounds, respectively. This investigation will offer valuable insights in unraveling the complex mechanisms involved in barley- B. sorokiniana interaction

Assessment of fungal and bacterial bioagents against Bipolaris sorokiniana inciting spot blotch on barley (Hordeum vulgare)

In India, spot blotch disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is one of the major constraints in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production. The present study was carried out during 2022–23 at ICAR-Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi to identify promising biocontrol agents, which can act as eco-friendly alternatives to chemicals against Bipolaris sorokiniana inciting spot blotch on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In this study, 18 isolates of Trichoderma asperellum, 15 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum and 5 bacterial species were tested against B. sorokiniana under in vitro and in planta conditions. In the dual culture assays, Trichoderma asperellum 8686 and Trichoderma asperellum 8687 showed significantly highest per cent disease inhibition of 71.73% and 71.37% respectively. Among bacterial strains, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens showed significantly good per cent disease inhibition of 64.09% and 57.09% respectively. B. subtilis and Pantoea spp. did not show any pathogen inhibition. In addition, the superior bioagents were also screened out. In the studies on in planta assays, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (per cent disease control-55.19%) was found most effective for seed treatment against B. sorokiniana. Post-inoculation with biocontrol agents revealed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was at par with Trichoderma asperellum and Pseudomonas fluorescens against B. sorokiniana. Additionally, a combination of seed treatment, pre and post-inoculation treatment of biocontrol agents revealed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Trichoderma asperellum 8686 were at par with Trichoderma harzianum (Pusa Th3) against B. sorokiniana. Overall, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was more effective and consistent to manage spot blotch disease

A STUDY ON PATTERN OF ALCOHOL USE USING AUDIT AMONG THE COLLEGE STUDENTS IN A MEDICAL COLLEGE OF NORTH INDIA

ABSTRACT Background: Alcohol and other substance use by medical students poses risks to them and can also have serious consequences on their effectiveness and fitness to practise as tomorrow's doctors. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of alcohol use among the undergraduates of Rohilkhand Medical College, Bareilly and the factors affecting its use

Untersuchungen zu mykosporinartigen Aminosäuren (mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs) in Cyanobakterien mit Hilfe biochemischer, bioinformatischer und molekularbiologischer Ansätze

The cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis was found to synthesize a single MAA, shinorine when isolated and purified by HPLC. Although there was significant induction of MAA synthesis from its initial value under 395 or 320 nm cut-off filters, MAA induction was significantly more pronounced in samples covered with 295 nm cut-off filters after 72 h of exposure. Heat as a stress factor had no effect on MAA induction with or without UVR. In contrast, salt and ammonium treatment had synergistic effects with UVR stress. MAA synthesis was also induced by salt and ammonium in a concentration-dependent manner without UV stress in samples covered with 395 nm cut-off filters. The study of induction of shinorine in A. variabilis in various culture media was performed to select the most appropriate medium that can support the highest synthesis of MAA, and can be used for industrial production of these multifunctional compounds. Also, in vivo photosynthetic activity was measured under shinorine inducing conditions in all media. The shinorine content and photosynthetic activity were highest in BG11 medium in comparison to others after 72 h of exposure to UV radiation. Thus, growth media with a nitrogen source supports higher synthesis of MAA and can be used for mass production of MAA from cyanobacteria. The MAA profile of Anabaena doliolum was studied under PAR and PAR + UVR conditions. The HPLC analysis of water-soluble compounds reveals the biosynthesis of three MAAs. The results indicate that mycosporine-glycine (mono-substituted) acts as a precursor for the biosynthesis of the bi-substituted MAAs shinorine and porphyra-334. Mycosporine-glycine was under constitutive control while porphyra-334 and shinorine were induced by UV-B radiation. The cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae was found to synthesize a single MAA shinorine as purified by HPLC, similar to other Anabaena strains, except A. doliolum. There was significant induction of MAA synthesis from its initial value in all samples receiving PAR, PAR + UV-A or PAR + UV-A + UV-B radiation; however, MAA induction was highest in samples receiving PAR + UV-A + UV-B radiation after 72 h of irradiation. MAA biosynthesis in this organism is dependent on photosynthesis only for the carbon source since the inhibitory effect of DCMU on MAA biosynthesis was overcome by externally added fructose. Results also suggest that there is no direct involvement of photosystem II in MAA biosynthesis. However, utilization of energy for MAA biosynthesis derived from photosystem I can not be ruled out. Bioconversion of primary MAAs into secondary MAAs was found to be regulated by sulfur deficiency in the cyanobacterium A. variabilis PCC 7937. This cyanobacterium synthesizes the primary MAA shinorine under normal conditions, however, under sulfur deficiency a secondary MAA palythine-serine appears. Addition of methionine to sulfur-deficient cultures resulted in the disappearance of palythine-serine, suggesting the role of primary MAA under sulfur deficiency. This is the first time that palythine-serine was found to be synthesised by cyanobacteria which has been so far reported only in corals. Addition of methionine also affected the steady state between mycosporine-glycine biosynthesis and its conversion into shinorine, consequently, resulted in the appearance of mycosporine-glycine. Results also support that palythine-serine is synthesized from shinorine after decarboxylation and demethylation of the glycine subunit as proposed earlier. Out of the four investigated species, only A. variabilis was able to synthesize MAA. Genome mining identified a combination of genes, YP_324358 (predicted DHQ synthase) and YP_324357 (O-methyltransferase), which were present only in A. variabilis and were missing in other studied cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two genes are transferred from a cyanobacterial donor to dinoflagellates and finally to metazoan by lateral gene transfer. All other cyanobacteria, which have these two genes, also had another copy of the DHQ synthase gene. The predicted protein structure for YP_324358 also suggested that this product is different from the chemically characterized DHQ synthase of Aspergillus nidulans contrary to the YP_324879, which was predicted to be similar to the DHQ synthase of A. nidulans. Based on the results it was proposed that the YP_324358 and YP_324357 gene products are involved in the biosynthesis of the common core of all MAAs. The knockout development for DHQS (YP_324358) in A. variabilis was performed using a tri-parental conjugation as a mode of gene transfer. An attempt to generate YP_324358 mutant by insertional mutagenesis to prove the role of this gene product in MAA biosynthesis in A. variabilis was unsuccessful due to incomplete segregation of the mutant from the wild-type forms.Das Cyanobakterium Anabaena variabilis PCC 7937 synthetisiert nur eine einzige MAA, das Shinorin. Obwohl sich nach 72 h Exposition unter einem 395-nm- oder einem 320-nm-cut-off-Filter bereits eine signifikante Steigerung der MAA-Induktion ergab, war diese noch einmal signifikant erhöht, wenn die Zellen unter einem 295-nm-cut-off-Filter exponiert wurden. Hitze hatte keinen Einfluss auf die MAA-Induktion (mit oder ohne UVS). Dagegen hatten erhöhte Salz- und Ammoniumkonzentrationen einen synergistischen Effekt zusammen mit UVS. Die MAA-Synthese wurde durch Salz und Ammonium konzentrationsabhängig induziert, und zwar unabhängig vom UV-Stress. Die Untersuchungen zur Induktion von Shinorin in A. variabilis in verschiedenen Kulturmedien wurden mit dem Ziel angestellt, das Medium zu finden, das für die MAA-Synthese am besten geeignet ist und auch im industriellen Maßstab zur Gewinnung dieser multifunktionalen Verbindungen dienen kann. Dabei wurde auch die photosynthetische Aktivität unter den Induktionsbedingungen in allen Medien gemessen. Der Shinoringehalt und die photosynthetische Aktivität war im BG11-Medium am höchsten verglichen mit den anderen Ansätzen nach 72 h Exposition. Das MAA-Profil von Anabaena doliolum wurde nach Kultur unter photosynthetisch aktiver Strahlung (photosynthetic active radiation, PAR) und PAR + UVS untersucht. Mit Hilfe einer HPLC-Analyse der wasserlöslichen Inhaltsstoffe wurden drei MAAs gefunden: Mykosporin-Glycin, Porphyra-334 und Shinorin. Dies ist der erste Befund eines Auftretens von Mykosporin-Glycin und Porphyra-334 zusammen mit Shi¬norin in einem Anabaena-Stamm. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Mykosporin-Glycin (einfach N-substituiert) ein Vorläufer bei der Biosynthese der doppelt N-substituierten MAAs Porphyra-334 und Shinorin ist. Mykosporin-Glycin war dabei unter konstituiver Kontrolle, während Synthese von Porphyra-334 und Shinorin von UV-B induziert wurde. Anabaena flos-aquae synthetisiert nur Shinorin ähnlich wie andere Anabaena-Stämme. In allen Kulturansätzen, die mit PAR, PAR + UV-A oder PAR + UV-A + UV-B bestrahlt wurden, zeigte sich eine signifikante MAA-Induktion, wobei sie in dem Ansatz PAR + UV-A + UV-B nach 72 h am höchsten war. Die MAA-Synthese hängt nur insofern von der Photosynthese ab, als dass diese die Kohlenstoffquelle darstellt; der inhibitorische Effekt von DCMU auf die MAA-Synthese konnte durch die Zugabe von von außen zu¬ge¬ge¬be¬ner Fruktose aufgehoben werden. Trotzdem kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass die zur Synthese benötigte Energie aus dem Photosystem I stammt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass die Biokonversion von primären in sekundäre MAAs bei A. variabilis von Schwefelmangel reguliert wird. Dieses Cyanobakterium syn¬the¬ti¬siert unter normalen Bedingungen die primäre MAA Shinorin, während bei Schwefelmangel die sekundäre MAA Palythin-Serin erscheint. Eine Me¬thioninzugabe zu schwefellosen Kulturen führt zu einem Verschwinden des Palythin-Serin, was einen Hinweis gibt auf die Rolle der primären MAA bei Schwefelmangel. Dies ist der erste Beleg der Synthese von Palythin-Serin bei Cyanobakterien; bisher war dies nur bei Korallen bekannt. Die Zugabe von Methionin beeinflusste auch das Verhältnis zwischen der Mykosporin-Glycin-Biosynthese und dessen Konversion zu Shinorin, so dass nach Zugabe von Methionin Mykosporin-Glycin nachweisbar wurde. Die Ergebnisse deuten auch darauf hin, dass Palythin-Serin aus Shinorin durch Decarboxylierung und Demethylierung seiner Gycinuntereinheit aufgebaut wird. Vier verschieden Cyanobakterien, A. variabilis, Anabaena sp., Synechocystis sp. und synechococcus sp. wurden auf ihre Fähigkeit hin untersucht, MAAs zu produzieren. Genomische und phylogenetische Untersuchungen wurden durchgeführt, um die Gene zu identifizieren, deren Produkte möglicherweise an der Biosynthese dieser Verbindungen beteiligt sind. Genomanalysen identifizierten eine Reihe von Genen, YP_324358 (eine mögliche DHQ synthase) und YP_324357 (O-Methyltransferase), die nur in A. variabilis vorkam. Eine phylogenetische Auswertung ergab, dass diese beiden Gene durch lateralen Gentrasfer von Cyanobakterien über Dinoflagellaten bis zu Metazoen weitergegeben wurden. Alle andere Cyanobakterien mit diesen beiden Genen hatte auch eine weitere Kopie des DHQ-Synthasegens. Die vorhergesagte Proteinstruktur des Genprodukts von YP_324358 legte nahe, dass es sich von der chemisch charakterisierten DHQ-Synthase aus Aspergillus nidulans unterschied. Im Gegensatz dazu war YP_324879 der A. nidulans-DHQ-Synthase ähnlich. Daher wurde in einem weiteren Schritt die DHQ in A. variabilis mit Hilfe von tri-parentaler Konjugation als Gentransfermethode ausgeschaltet. Der Versuch, eine YP_324358-Mutante von A. variabilis durch insertionelle Mutagenese zu erzeugen, schlug fehl, da sich die Mutanten und Wildtypen nicht vollständig trennten. Somit konnte auch nicht die Rolle dieses Genprodukts bei der MAA-Biosynthese geklärt werden

Synthesis of some 3,5-disubstituted phenyl-5,6-dihydrofuro[2,3-<i>d</i>]thiazol-2(<i>3H</i>)-ylidene) imines as potential pesticides

1007-1012A new series of novel 3,5-disubstituted phenyl-5,6-dihydrofuro[2,3-d]thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene) imines have been synthesized from a common intermediate, in good yield. These compounds have been screened for their herbicidal activities against Echinochloa oryzicola, Echinochloa crus-galli, Oryza sativa, Glycine max and antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger and Pyricularia oryzae whereas for antimicrobial activities, they have been screened against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus

Comparison of Data Encryption Algorithms,International

Abstract: There are many security algorithms that are used for security purpose. IDEA is one of them. The block cipher IDEA operates with 64-bit plaintext and cipher text blocks and is controlled by a 128-bit key. The fundamental innovation in the design of this algorithm is the use of operations from three different algebraic groups. The algorithm structure has been chosen such that, with the exception that different key sub-blocks are used, the encryption process is identical to the decryption process. The drawback of IDEA is that the large numbers of weak keys were found in IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm). Also a new attack on round 6 of IDEA has been detected. In this paper we are describe the design and implementation of secure data encryption algorithm(S-IDEA) protocol, the size of the key has been increased from 128 bits to 256 bits. This increased key size will increase the complexity of the algorithm. To increase the amount of diffusion two MA blocks (multiplicative additive block) are used in a single round of IDEA as compared to one MA block used previously in a single round, With these modifications in the proposed algorithm will increase the cryptographic strength

Intelligent Adaptive Optimisation Method for Enhancement of Information Security in IoT-Enabled Environments

The usage of the Internet increased dramatically during the start of the twenty-first century, entangling the system with a variety of services, including social media and e-commerce. These systems begin producing a large volume of data that has to be secured and safeguarded from unauthorised users and devices. In order to safeguard the information of the cyber world, this research suggests an expanded form of differential evolution (DE) employing an intelligent mutation operator with an optimisation-based design. It combines a novel mutation technique with DE to increase the diversity of potential solutions. The new intelligent mutation operator improves the security, privacy, integrity, and authenticity of the information system by identifying harmful requests and responses and helping to defend the system against assault. When implemented on an e-commerce application, the performance of the suggested technique is assessed in terms of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and availability. The experimental findings show that the suggested strategy outperforms the most recent evolutionary algorithm (EA)