Effects of anionic detergent (LABS) on serum biochemical parameters in Carassius auratus

Water pollution due to chemical substances such as anionic detergents causes different disorders in aquatic animals. We studied the effects of anionic detergents on biochemical parameters of gold fish using 152 fish (18-20cm) which were divided into four groups. Group one was used as control and the other three were exposed to 5, 10 and 15 ppm of anionic detergents for 21 days respectively. Sampling of the fish serum was conducted on day 21 and the levels of urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST, ALT and phosphorous were determined. An ANOVA with multiple-range Duncan test were used for data analysis. Urea levels were significantly tower in test groups I and 2 and uric acid level was significantly higher in group 2 compared to those of the control (P<0.05). Creatinine level of group 3 and phosphorous level of groups 2 and 3 were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). AST level significantly lower in group 2 compared to control (P<0.05). As for ALT level in groups 1, 2 and 3, tests showed a significantly lower lever compared to those of the control group (P<0.05)

A letter about the airborne transmission of sars-cov-2 based on the current evidence

World Health Organization has suggested that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted through person-to-person transmission and contact with contaminated surfaces. However, rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) suggests other routes such as airborne transmission may be involved. A few research studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential transmission of this virus through air. Although some studies have found no evidence of airborne transmission, other more recent work is proving the presence of SARS-CoV-2 even in public places. Also, the past experiences and knowledge about the mechanisms of similar viruses such as SARS-CoV support this hypothesis. It seems that the best decision at the moment is to follow a conservative approach, and accept the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 is able to be transmitted through air. By this, control measures could be employed to prevent further COVID-19 infection. © Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research

Optimization of UV-Electroproxone procedure for treatment of landfill leachate: the study of energy consumption

With increased population, treatment of solid waste landfill and its leachate is of major concern. Municipal landfill leachate shows variable, heterogeneous and incontrollable characteristics and contains wide range highly concentrated organic and inorganic compounds, in which hampers the application of a solo method in its treatment. Among different approaches, biological treatment can be used, however it is not effective enough to elimination all refractory organics, containing fulvic-like and humic-like substance. In this experimental study, the UV Electroperoxone process as a hybrid procedure has been employed to treat landfill leachate. The effect of various parameters such as pH, electrical current density, ozone concentration, and reaction time were optimized using central composite design (CCD). In the model fitting, the quadratic model with a P-Value less than 0.5 was suggested (&lt; 0.0001). The R2, R2 adj, and R2 pre were determined equal to 0.98,0.96, and 0.91 respectively. Based on the software prediction, the process can remove 83 of initial COD, in the optimum condition of pH = 5.6, ozone concentration of 29.1 mg/l. min, the current density of 74.7 mA/cm2, and process time of 98.6 min. In the optimum condition, 55/33 mM H2O2 was generated through electrochemical mechanism. A combination of ozonation, photolysis and electrolysis mechanism in this hybrid process increases COD efficiency removal up 29 percent which is higher than the sum of separated mechanisms. Kinetic study also demonstrated that the UV-EPP process follows pseudo-first order kinetics (R2 = 0.99). Based on our results, the UV-EPP process can be informed as an operative technique for treatment of old landfills leachates. Graphical abstract: Figure not available: see fulltext. © 2021, The Author(s)

Optimization of UV-Electroproxone procedure for treatment of landfill leachate: the study of energy consumption

With increased population, treatment of solid waste landfill and its leachate is of major concern. Municipal landfill leachate shows variable, heterogeneous and incontrollable characteristics and contains wide range highly concentrated organic and inorganic compounds, in which hampers the application of a solo method in its treatment. Among different approaches, biological treatment can be used, however it is not effective enough to elimination all refractory organics, containing fulvic-like and humic-like substance. In this experimental study, the UV Electroperoxone process as a hybrid procedure has been employed to treat landfill leachate. The effect of various parameters such as pH, electrical current density, ozone concentration, and reaction time were optimized using central composite design (CCD). In the model fitting, the quadratic model with a P-Value less than 0.5 was suggested (&lt; 0.0001). The R2, R2 adj, and R2 pre were determined equal to 0.98,0.96, and 0.91 respectively. Based on the software prediction, the process can remove 83 of initial COD, in the optimum condition of pH = 5.6, ozone concentration of 29.1 mg/l. min, the current density of 74.7 mA/cm2, and process time of 98.6 min. In the optimum condition, 55/33 mM H2O2 was generated through electrochemical mechanism. A combination of ozonation, photolysis and electrolysis mechanism in this hybrid process increases COD efficiency removal up 29 percent which is higher than the sum of separated mechanisms. Kinetic study also demonstrated that the UV-EPP process follows pseudo-first order kinetics (R2 = 0.99). Based on our results, the UV-EPP process can be informed as an operative technique for treatment of old landfills leachates. Graphical abstract: Figure not available: see fulltext. © 2021, The Author(s)

Airborne particulate matter in Tehran�s ambient air

In recent decades, particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Tehran have exceeded the World Health Organization�s (WHO) guideline on most days. In this study, a search protocol was defined by identifying the keywords, to carry out a systematic review of the concentrations and composition of PM in Tehran�s ambient air. For this purpose, searches were done in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science in 2019. Among the founded articles (197 in Scopus, 61 in PubMed, and 153 in Web of Science). The results show that in Tehran, the annual average PM10 exceeded the WHO guidelines and for more than 50.0 of the days, the PM2.5 concentration was more than WHO 24-h guidance value. The PM concentration in Tehran has two seasonal peaks due to poorer dispersion and suspension from dry land, respectively. Tehran has two daily PM peaks due to traffic and changes in boundary-layer heights; one just after midnight and the other during morning rush hour. Indoor concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Tehran were 10.6 and 21.8 times higher than the corresponding values in ambient air. Tehran represents a unique case of problems of controlling PM because of its geographical setting, emission sources, and land use. This review provided a comprehensive assessment for decision makers to assist them in making appropriate policy decisions to improve the air quality. Considering factors such as diversity of resources, temporal and spatial variations, and urban location is essential in developing control plans. Also future studies should focus more on PM reduction plans. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Characterization, possible sources and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound Heavy Metals in the most industrial city of Iran

Air pollution associated with particulate matters results in different types of disease including allergy, lung destruction, heart failure, and related problems. This study has been designed and performed to examine the concentration of PM2.5-bound heavy metals, risk assessment, possible sources and effect of meteorological parameters on 17 sites of the air of the most industrial city of Iran (Karaj) in 2018-19. For this purpose, four samples were taken from every point of Karaj air over one year using a pump (Leland Legacy (SKC)) with flow rate of 3 L/min on PTFE filter for 24 h. Overall, 68 samples of PM2.5-bound heavy metals were collected. Note that during the sampling, atmospheric parameters including temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed were regularly recorded using PHB318 portable device. In examining the chemical composition of these particles, the concentration of metals (Al-Zn- Ar-Cd-Cr-Cu-Fe-Hg-Mn-Ni-Pb) was determined after digestion of the collected samples and through injection into ICP-OEC device. The results indicated that the mean annual concentration of PM2.5 particles range from 21.84 to 72.75 µg/m3. The mean concentration of heavy metals lied within the range of 25.63 to 336.27 ng/m3. Among heavy metals, the maximum concentration belonged to aluminum (277.95 ng/m3) and iron (336.27 ng/m3), which are known as elements with a ground source (sources such as car fuels, exhaust gases, decorative materials, batteries, indoor smoking, the paint used for painting walls, erosion and corrosion of rubber of cars). Meanwhile, there was a positive relationship between heavy metals and temperature(r: 0.418, p < 0.019), pressure (r: 0.184, p < 0.0.402), as well as wind speed (r: 0.38, p < 0.017), while an inverse relationship was observed with relative humidity (r: -0.219, p < 0.018). The ecological risk of the metals calculated was very notable, with the maximum environmental risk being related to cadmium in children (6.61) and manganese in adults (0.82). The largest HQ in children and adults was associated with Cr. Finally, ILCR values for cadmium in both children (1.19 E-04) and adult (4.81 E-04) groups indicated high risk of developing cancer in humans

Concentrations, spatial distribution, and human health risk assessment of asbestos fibers in ambient air of Tehran, Iran

The aim of current research was to determine airborne asbestos fiber concentrations in the ambient air of Tehran, and to investigate their spatial distribution, seasonal variation, and human health risk assessment. For this, the sampling of the study was carried out during August 2017 and June 2018, and totally, 64 samples were taken from 8 stations along the different areas of Tehran. The concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers were determined by phase contrast microscope (PCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Spatial mapping was conducted using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique. The health risk assessment was done based on the detected levels of airborne asbestosis fibers. The mean concentrations of the airborne asbestos fiber were 1.9 × 10−3 f/ml and 595 × 10−3 f/ml based on PCM and SEM analyses, respectively. One of the effective factors on ambient level of asbestos fibers is meteorological parameters, where the maximum and minimum concentrations of asbestos fibers are related to cold and warm seasons, respectively. These differences could be due to the presence of inversions phenomenon in cold seasons in Tehran. It was observed that the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) calculated for all the sampling areas are between 5.26 × 10−5 and 5.37 × 10−4. Based on the EPA-suggested standards (10−4–10−6), these values are categorized rather to moderate levels. The obtained data indicated no threat of asbestos fibers to Tehran’s citizens’ health

Correction to: Indoor and outdoor concentrations of BTEX and formaldehyde in Tehran, Iran: effects of building characteristics and health risk assessment (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, (2018), 10.1007/s11356-018-2794-4)

The original publication of this paper contains a mistake. The correct name and affiliation of the 3rd Author is presented in this paper. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature

Estimation of diseases and mortality attributed to NO<inf>2</inf> pollutant in five metropolises of Iran using AirQ model in 2011-2012

Background and purpose: Aims: Weather is one of the essential needs of human. Due to increasing of the air pollution, air pollution is one of the most important challenges of human life, in the last decades. Air pollutants, including NO2 can have significant adverse health effects on the human. Therefore, evaluation of the health effects of this pollutant is necessary for its control. The aim of this study was evaluation of health effects of NO2 on the human in Mashhad, Tabriz, Shiraz, Isfahan and Arak metropolises of Iran in 2011-2012. Materials and methods: The necessary data was obtained from Environmental Protection Agencies of related metropolises. The validity of data was evaluated according to the WHO criteria. The valid data entered into the AirQ software and the results were obtained. Results: Isfahan with the annual concentration of 128 μg/m3 has the highest concentration of NO2. In all cities, the average concentration was higher than the national standard. For total mortality, cardiovascular death and hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary, Mashhad had the greatest number, with 286, 161 and 43 cases, respectively. Conclusion: the most adverse health effect of NO2 was in Mashhad and Isfahan cities, respectively. It can be explained by increasing the number of vehicles, traffic and fuel consumption and high levels of temporary and permanent population in the religious and tourist sites. © 2015,Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Spatial and temporal trends of short-term health impacts of PM2.5in Iranian cities; A modelling approach (2013�2016)

Estimation of the spatial and temporal trends of health impacts attributable to air pollution is an effective measure for evaluating implemented interventions. The aim of this study was to estimate the short-term mortality attributable to exposure to PM2.5among individuals older than 30 years old in ten Iranian cities from March 2013 to March 2016 using the World Health Organization�s (WHO) AirQ+ software. Hourly concentrations of PM2.5were acquired from the Department of Environment and Tehran Air Quality Control Company. Only stations with 75 and 50 of valid data were qualified for Tehran and other cities, respectively. The annual average PM2.5concentrations in all ten of the cities were higher than the WHO guideline value of 10 µg m�3The total number of attributable short-term deaths during the three-year period in these 10 cities was 3284 (95 CI: 1207�5244). The average daily premature deaths were calculated to be 3. The highest number of premature deaths within the three-year period was estimated to be 548 in Tehran, largely reflecting its population of nearly 9 million. The western and southern cities of Iran experience severe dust storms and showed a high estimated rate of death attributed to air pollution. The health impacts in all cities decreased in the third year compared to the first year except for Ahvaz, Khoram Abad, and Ilam. Governmental interventions need to be enforced more effectively to reduce the high level of adverse health impacts in Iran. Special considerations should be given to the air quality of cities affected by dust storms. © Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research