The Therapeutic Effect of Human Stem Cell Therapy on the Expanded Disability Status Scale Improvement in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system inflammatory disease in which the myelin sheaths of neurons are damaged. This impairs the ability of the neurons for signal conduction and communication and causes many neurological signs and symptoms. In this study, we evaluated stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis. We reviewed the scientific literature focusing on stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis available from 2003 to 2022. This narrative systematic review was performed to evaluate the effect of human stem cell therapy on expanded disability status scale (EDSS) improvement in multiple sclerosis. No time limits were set for the search and all relevant clinical trials were included. The results showed that the rate of recovery of patients with stem cell therapy depends on the rate of stem cell injection and the frequency, the volume of injected cells, and the rate of disease progression. Overall, the survival rate and quality of life increased following the treatment. The expanded disability status scale changed with stem cell injection, but this change was not significant. Most cases experienced an improvement in bladder control. Death or hospitalization after injection and severe allergies were not observed. Our results showed stem cells could increase the quality of life and survival and reduce the incidence of motor symptoms in MS patients

The Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Differentiation, Proliferation, and Migration of the Mesenchymal Stem Cell: A Review

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a low-power laser on the proliferation, migration, differentiation of different types of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in different studies.Methods: The relevant articles that were published from 2004 to 2019 were collected from the sources of PubMed, Scopus, and only the articles specifically examining the effect of a low-power laser on the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of the MSCs were investigated.Results: After reviewing the literature, only 42 articles were found relevant. Generally, most of the studies demonstrated that different laser parameters increased the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of the MSCs, except the results of two studies which were contradictory. In fact, changing the parameters of a low-power laser would affect the results. On the other hand, the source of the stem cells was reported as a key factor. In addition, the combination of lasers with other therapeutic approaches was found to be more effective.Conclusion: The different parameters of lasers has been found to be effective in the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of the MSCs and in general, a low-power laser has a positive effect on the MSCs, helping to improve different disease models

The Effect of Low-Level Laser therapy and Curcumin on the Expression of LC3, ATG10 and BAX/BCL2 Ratio in PC12 Cells Induced by 6-Hydroxide Dopamine

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The neuroinflammation in the brain of PD patients is one of the critical processes in the immune pathogenesis of PD leading to the neural loss in the substantia nigra. Due to the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin (CU) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT), we examined the protective effect of CU and LLLT on PC12 cells treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as a Parkinson model.Methods: PC12 cells were pretreated using various concentrations of 6-OHDA for 24 hours to induce oxidative and cellular damages. PC12-6-OHDA cells were co-treated with CU and LLLT. The effects of CU and LLLT on Bax/Bcl2 and LC3/ATG10 expression were analyzed by real-time PCR and cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Cell A Software was used to calculate the length of the Neurite and cell body areas.Results: The results of this study show that the combination of CU dose-dependently and LLLT has a significant neuroprotective effect on cells and cellular death significantly decreases by increasing CU concentration. CU+LLLT decreases Bax/Bcl2 ratio which is an indicator of apoptosis and it also rescued a decrease in LC3 and ATG10 expression in comparison with 6-OHDA group.Conclusion: This study shows that the combination of 5 μM CU and LLLT has the best neuroprotective effect on PC12 cells against 6-OHDA by decreasing the BAX/BCL2 ratio

Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering in Bone Defect Reconstruction; A Review

Background: Extensive research on bone tissue engineering as a novel therapeutic approach to design and fabricate suitable scaffolds is in progress to overcome the limitations of conventional bone repair techniques. In recent years, tissue engineering and remedial medicine have come up with the strategy of designing, fabricating, and optimizing synthetic and natural scaffolds containing cells and growth factors to facilitate the direct and indirect mechanisms of bone tissue repair in the body. Based on many studies, cellular source, cell medium condition, and biological scaffolds are critical factors in bone defect repair in the field of tissue engineering.Aim: In this review, we focus on the combination of mesenchymal cells derived from the human adipose tissue, stem cell-to-bone differentiation medium, and biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol-graphene oxide scaffolds in bone lesion repair to gain a better understanding of each factor. This would, in turn, help us design and develop optimal therapeutic approaches for bone repair and regeneration. Conclusion: The combination of mesenchymal cells and biocompatible scaffolds proved promising in the process of bone lesion repair

Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin on the Proliferation and Viability of Neural Stem Cells against H2O2

Background: Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have found to be implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders (ND). Neuroprotection against oxidative agents has been proposed as a therapy on the basis that it might prevent neuroinflammation. Curcumin is an anti-oxidant with anti-inflammatory properties which has been proposed to be used as a therapeutic agent in ND.Aim: In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effect of curcumin on neural stem cells (NSCs) exposed to H2O2 as an oxidative injury model.Methods: After culturing NSCs, they were co-treated with curcumin and H2O2, after which their effects were tested on cell viability using MTT assay.Results: Our results indicated that the high concentration of H2O2 significantly promoted cell death. Specifically, after using 250 µM of H2O2, the mortality increased dramatically in comparison with the control groups. On the other hand, the presence of curcumin encouraged cell survival of NSCs treated with H2O2.Conclusion: Our result showed that curcumin has a protective effect on NSCs against H2O2 and it may ameliorate the mortality rate induced by H2O2

Exosome Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury: A Review

Background: Injuries to the spinal cord (SCI) are one of the most detrimental central nervous system (CNS) injuries in developing countries. Today, treatment is one of the major issues facing the medical profession, and to date, there is no known promising treatment capable of fully healing injuries. There are various methods to repair and improve SCI, including the use of stem cells particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Various studies have been performed on applying these cells in the treatment of SCI, whose results have confirmed the efficacy of using these cells specifically due to the paracrine secretion of these cells including growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, and small extracellular vesicles. Interestingly, among these paracrine molecules, exosomes may have the maximum therapeutic value and as such is widely investigated by researchers.Aim: to fully focus on the usage of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on the healing of SCI in animal models.Conclusion: Taken together, the extracellular nanovesicles have promising therapeutic potentials and their use in the treatment of SCI has been rapidly growing. In this review, we elucidated the effect of exosomes derived from bone marrow MSCs in SCI

The Effect of Low-Power Laser Therapy on the TGF/β Signaling Pathway in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of low-power lasers on kidney disease by investigating several studies.Methods: A number of articles from 1998 to 2019 were chosen from the sources of PubMed, Scopus, and only the articles studying the effect of low-power lasers on kidney disease were investigated.Results: After reviewing the literature, 21 articles examining only the effects of low-power lasers on kidney disease were found. The results of these studies showed that the parameter of the low-power laser would result in different outcomes. So, a low-power laser with various parameters can be effective in the treatment of kidney diseases such as acute kidney disease, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, nephrectomy, metabolic syndrome, and kidney fibrosis. Most studies have shown that low-power lasers can affect TGFβ1 signaling which is the most important signaling in the treatment of renal fibrosis.Conclusion: Lasers can be effective in reducing or enhancing inflammatory responses, reducing fibrosis factors, and decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in kidney disease and glomerular cell proliferation

Therapeutic Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Multiple Sclerosis by Regulating the Inflammatory Process and Controlling Immune Cell Activity: A Novel Promising Treatment Target

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the autoimmune and chronic diseases of the central ‎nervous system, this disease occurs more frequently in young people and women ‎and leads to neurological symptoms. Oxidative stress, inflammatory process, and ‎oligodendrocyte dysfunction has a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of this ‎disease. Nowadays, it has been reported that Photobiomodulation (PBM) as a non-invasive threat has neuroprotective potential but the exact mechanisms are not understood.   Methods: In this manuscript, we have reviewed the Photobiomodulation effects on MS. in this regard, we used "Photobiomodulation", " Laser therapy", and "Low-level laser therapy" keywords on MS to find related studies on this subject in PubMed, Google scholar, Elsevier, Medline, and Scopus databases.  Results: Photobiomodulation has positive effects on MS by regulating the inflammatory ‎process, controlling immune cell activity, and mitochondrial functions, as well as inhibiting free ‎radicals’ production. ‎ Conclusion: Overall, researchers have suggested that laser therapy could be considered a promising new treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis

Therapeutic Effects of Laser on Partial Osteotomy in the Rat Model of Hypothyroidism

Introduction: Several experimental studies have displayed positive result for laser radiation on stimulating bone regeneration in recent years. The purpose of this experimental study was to determine low-level laser (LLL) effects on partial bone defects in hypothyroidism male rat.Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly distributed as below groups: hypothyroidism + laser (Hypo + laser), hypothyroidism (Hypo), and control. Four weeks after surgery, the tibia bone was removed. Biomechanical and histological examinations were performed immediately.Results: Our results showed significant reduction in the absorption of energy, resistance in bending deformation (bending stiffness), maximum force, high stress load, trabecular bone volume, and number of osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the osteotomy site in hypothyroidism rats compared to hypothyroidism + laser group (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The results indicated that using laser may improve fracture regeneration and it may accelerate bone healing in hypothyroidism rat

Therapeutic Effects of Combination Therapy and Photobiomodulation Therapy on Retinal Regeneration

Introduction: Macular edema (ME) is produced by central extravascular inflammation of the macula subsequent to a major loss of visual action. Macular edema can happen at any phase of diabetic retinopathy, whether non-proliferative or proliferative retinopathy. Method and material: Articles were collected from four electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar Web of Science from 2000 to 2022 and electronically to study the effects of macular laser grid photocoagulation on Diabetic macular edema or Cystoid macular edema through the keywords " macular laser photocoagulation ", " macular edema ", " Cystoid macular edema ", " Intravitreal pharmacotherapies ", " Antivascular endothelial growth factor “, were searched about 219 articles found in google scholar and 165 articles in PubMed, that   58 articles were included in the study. Result: In this study, the effects of various laser photocoagulation such as Focal and/or grid macular laser, subthreshold micropulse laser (SMPL), and Intravitreal pharmacotherapies (Corticosteroids such as triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinolone, Bevacizumab, and dexamethasone) on macular edema were investigated. A few studies had shown that the effects of corticosteroids are more effective than lasers, and a number of studies have found the effects of lasers and the combined effects of lasers with corticosteroids to be more effective. Also, some studies have also shown that the frequency and duration of follow-up and concentrations of intravitreal pharmacotherapies are effective in increasing visual outcomes. Conclusion: The results of studies showed that although corticosteroids have side effects, the combined effects of corticosteroids with subthreshold micropulse laser are effective in increasing visual acuity (VA) and central macular thickness (CMT)