Building Pattern Technique of an Indigenous Community – Does Its Appearances a Distinctive Representation?

Bangladesh is enriched with beautiful traditional indigenous cultures. Different indigenous peoples with their distinctive existences also considerably create an enhance values and lifestyles to the socio-cultural sectors of Bangladesh [1]. Habitually, these indigenous communities have been comparable to live a large combined family to shear their lifestyles [2]. Presently the country has 45 indigenous communities who are living in different locations. All indigenous people within this country have their own style to build their settlements with special techniques to keep them safe and sound from all types of natural and environmental vulnerabilities and also enhance their knowledge of construction techniques and lifestyle. Rakhain is one of them with very small number of people are still living in different regions within the country which have their own system of building techniques. Study found that for several hundreds of years Rakhains are strictly following their indigenous prescription of house and settlement pattern. Although like other indigenous people of this country, they have mountains of problems, such as forced land occupation, lack of security and minority characteristics. Above all, forced political separation has gradually drowned them in the abysmal pit of marginal destiny. This has turned them into exiles in their own land. As a result, many of them are being forced to leave the country and as a result they misplaced their native knowledge and technique to construct. Thus, this study will initially focus on to search for the distinctiveness of their settlement pattern and building construction techniques and lifestyle. Again, in view of their problems, knowledge and experiences concerning archetype, built and house pattern, this study will finally explain how Rakhains accumulate their every distinctiveness from history and for present and future invention

AN ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF THE PADMA RIVER BANK FAILURE AND EROSION, 2018: A CASE STUDY OF NARIA BANK SECTION, BANGLADESH

The Naria town of Bangladesh is developed on the right bank of the Padma River. The bank is an old natural levee of Meghna River. The Holocene-Recent geology of Naria is actively dominated by the fluvial processes of Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River system where the deltaic sediments are characterized as unconsolidated fine sand and silt, covered by thin veneer of clayey silt and loam. The annual volume of water discharge and flow dynamics are dependent on the intensity of the rainfall, runoff and the length of dry winter. Excessive river bank erosion, channel avulsion, renewed submergence of floodplains, and formation of natural levees and channel-bars are due to natural geomorphological processes that impact the area by inevitable ground failures. The geological attributes of ground condition and drastic variations in water levels make the area extremely vulnerable to severe bank failures and erosion. A unique erosion phenomenon prevailing in this part of Bengal delta prompted this study. During Aug-Sept, 2018 a sudden complex attenuation of current, wave and vortex in the Padma water flow caused an extraordinary disaster and made more than 5000 people homeless overnight by devouring away houses including concrete buildings, factories and markets. It is observed that geologically the Padma River remained confined within a width of 5 miles striking NW-SE trend following the margins of older alluvium and Faridpur Trough. The river tends to a meandering pattern consisting of deep vertical trenches along the Naria curvature. The deep trenches form along right bank and render the ground increasingly more vulnerable to subaqueous slope failure due to presence of thick (~200 ft.) alternating cross-bedded silt and micaceous fine sand of very high dilatancy and low angle of friction. The present study identifies some application of technological advancement for developing real-time engineering geological mapping systems for monitoring and managing complex river bank erosion. Large scale 3D engineering geological map coupled with air-borne photogrammetric and radar inferrometry methods can be applied for real-time monitoring and prediction of differential settlements, subaqueous failures and ground movement. The point cloud maps developed using data from these systems can refine engineering geological maps for decision makers and improve the design of protective measure and sustainable engineering structures

Heat exchanger design and development for automotive exhaust waste heat recovery using thermoelectric devices

In this study several heat exchanger designs were constructed, tested, and the effect of the design on the overall efficiency and power generated by thermoelectric generators was measured. The thermoelectric elements were attached to the heat exchanger and hot gas passed through the system simulating automotive exhaust. An aluminum duct heat exchanger, a copper heat exchanger, and a heat exchanger with a twisted tape insertion were tested. The heat exchangers were all rectangular with similar dimensions and minimum thicknesses near the wall. The flow of exhaust gas was created by heated air flow ranging from 100-150 LPM. The cool side heat exchanger was setup to simulate a coolant pump using ethylene glycol water mixture (automobile coolant). For measurements, all the thermocouples and thermoelectric generators were connected through the data acquisition program LabView. For the heat exchanger designs the availability, cost effectiveness, implementation probability, and overall performance based on literature was considered. It was observed that due to the insertion of the tape, heat enhancement occurred. It was determined that the tape inside the heat exchanger reduced the diameter of the heat exchanger which increased the velocity inside of the heat exchanger thus increasing the overall heat transfer coefficient. This is confirmed by the overall increase in heat exchanger efficiency of nearly 48% and output power generation of 31% when compare

Modelling of lightly doped collector of a bipolar transistor operating in quasi-saturation region

A physical model taking into consideration the effects of finite collector minority carrier lifetime and minority carrier blocking property of the low-high (n−n+) junction is proposed for predicting the bipolar transistor dc characteristics covering saturation and quasi-saturation operations. Solution for the electron and hole carrier profiles, recombination, drift and diffusion current densities, electric field distributions and voltage drops as a function of the collector current density is presented. The low-level injection model neglecting collector minority carrier recombination current within the injection region is also present. The validity of the complete model is verified by comparing the results obtained by the present analysis with experimental results available in the literature

Gender, Race, and Experiences of Workplace Incivility in Public Organizations

Workplace incivility can have deleterious effects on individuals and organizations such as decreased job satisfaction and commitment, employee turnover, and reductions in morale and performance. Moreover, these effects can be exacerbated for women and employees of color. However, few studies have examined predictors of incivility in public sector organizations. This study explores how public employees' incivility experiences vary across social categories, specifically by gender and race. Data were collected with a survey from all employees of four local governments in North Carolina. The results of hierarchical linear modeling show that women experience more incivility than men, and that men and women of color experience fewer incidences of incivility than White men and women. We also find that race moderates the relationship between gender and workplace incivility. Specifically, women of color experience more incivility than men of color, but less incivility than White women. Finally, women are more likely than men to experience incivility in departments where women constitute the majority of the workforce. Implications of these results for human resource management in public organizations are discussed

Assessing the pomfret stock for setting catch limits in the northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Pampus argenteus and Pampus chinensis form the high-value demersal Pomfret fishery of Bangladesh. But, due to a monotonic decline in catches over the last five years, it is essential to explore the current stock status concerning the removal rate to ensure the sustainability of this fishery. Therefore, given the reliability and minimal data requirements, this study employed an extended Bayesian State-Space Surplus Production Model, JABBA (Just Another Bayesian Biomass Assessment), to assess the stock rigorously. The results revealed that the stock biomass of the Pomfret fishery in the final year of the time series is significantly lower than BMSY, the biomass required to produce MSY. Consequently, this study recommends a yearly catch limit (TAC) of 10,000 metric tons to prevent further depletion of the stock biomass. Furthermore, to avoid growth overfishing by allowing all immature fishes to reproduce at least once before being caught, this study also calculated the optimum length (Lopt) for catch for both species at which biologically maximum yield and revenue can be obtained. The estimated Lopt is 25 cm for P. argenteus and 30 cm for P. chinensis, and not to capture fishes with lengths lower than these limits, this study further calculated the minimum mesh size limits for gill and set bag nets is 7.5 cm. Though the mesh size regulation was estimated using length-based reference points derived from an empirical equation, this regulation can be used as an associate reference point when TAC is applied to assure the sustainability of this fishery

Core 2.0 Nebulization Technique - A Sustainable Denim Finishing Approach

Sustainability has emerged as a key concept in the modern techniques of washing and treating denim. The clothing industry, specifically the denim washing sector, confronts substantial sustainability issues due to its impact on water pollution and the generation of large quantities of chemical waste. This research aims to investigate the long-term sustainability of the nebulization process in the context of denim finishing. The goal is to assess the dependability of the technology as a feasible option by demonstrating its effectiveness using environmental impact measuring software. The environmental impact assessment assesses the ecological consequences of clothing across four fundamental areas: water usage, chemical utilisation, energy consumption in the production process, and labour implications. The aforementioned methods proved to have low energy and water demands, resulting in less waste and pollution. This study evaluated several aspects of nebulization on denim and concluded that nebulization is a beneficial method for applying eco-friendly finishing