Land and Water Resources of Pakistan— A Critical Assessment

The country’s geographical area is 79.61 million hectares (mha), excluding the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Out of this, only 72 percent area has been reported indicating a major limitation that 28 percent area is not yet surveyed for land use classification. The reported area is further classified into four major classes: (a) forest area of 4.02 mha; (b) area not available for cultivation of 22.88 mha; (c) culturable waste of 8.12 mha; and (d) cultivated area of 22.05 mha. Out of the reported area, around 8.1 mha are available for future agriculture and other uses, if water is made available. If rest of the area (28 percent) is also surveyed then one can have better picture of country’s land resources (Table 1)

Linear and nonlinear dynamic analysis by boundary element method

An advanced implementation of the direct boundary element method (BEM) applicable to free-vibration, periodic (steady-state) vibration and linear and nonlinear transient dynamic problems involving two and three-dimensional isotropic solids of arbitrary shape is presented. Interior, exterior, and half-space problems can all be solved by the present formulation. For the free-vibration analysis, a new real variable BEM formulation is presented which solves the free-vibration problem in the form of algebraic equations (formed from the static kernels) and needs only surface discretization. In the area of time-domain transient analysis, the BEM is well suited because it gives an implicit formulation. Although the integral formulations are elegant, because of the complexity of the formulation it has never been implemented in exact form. In the present work, linear and nonlinear time domain transient analysis for three-dimensional solids has been implemented in a general and complete manner. The formulation and implementation of the nonlinear, transient, dynamic analysis presented here is the first ever in the field of boundary element analysis. Almost all the existing formulation of BEM in dynamics use the constant variation of the variables in space and time which is very unrealistic for engineering problems and, in some cases, it leads to unacceptably inaccurate results. In the present work, linear and quadratic isoparametric boundary elements are used for discretization of geometry and functional variations in space. In addition, higher order variations in time are used. These methods of analysis are applicable to piecewise-homogeneous materials, such that not only problems of the layered media and the soil-structure interaction can be analyzed but also a large problem can be solved by the usual sub-structuring technique. The analyses have been incorporated in a versatile, general-purpose computer program. Some numerical problems are solved and, through comparisons with available analytical and numerical results, the stability and high accuracy of these dynamic analysis techniques are established

A Comparative Study of the Commercially Available Fungicides to Control Sheath Blight of Rice in Lahore

A comparative study of commercially available fungicides (Cordate, Precurecombi, Curon, Bendict, Nativo, Valedamycin and Tilt) was made to find out the best fungicide against sheath blight fungi (Rhizoctoniasolani). Experimental field was divided into nine treatment units (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9) and each unit was treated with each fungicide and data was collected on the basis of different agronomic traits such as number of tillers per hill, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, disease incidence and yield of crop. As a result fungicides Nativo and Tilt were proved to be best control for sheath blight of rice. Keywords: Sheat blight of rice, Rhizoctonia solani, Rice, Chemical control

Thought Presentation in Alice Sebold’s The Lovely Bones

The last three decades have witnessed an increasing interest in the studies of thought presentation in stream-of-consciousness narratives among linguists (Semino Short, 2004; Leech Short, 2007; Bray, 2014; Fludernik, 1993). Largely because fictional writers use thought presentation in various ways to get readers to understand direct and indirect thoughts of the characters. Feminist writers have employed thought presentations in stream-of-consciousness narratives to give voice to the sufferings and yearnings of women and children. It has been done through careful selection of language that includes lexical choices, grammatical categories, and meaning representation. Besides providing multiple perspectives to the character’s experiences through definition, reasoning, and arguments, the use of differentiated meanings and metaphorical language in thought presentations has served as insights into the minds of killers and criminals. This paper uses stylistic analysis to explore the conscious and sub-conscious thought presentations of Susie Salmon, the protagonist, and Mr. Harvey, the antagonist in Alice Sebold’s The Lovely Bones (2002). For the study, the researchers use Geoffrey Leech and Michael Short’s (2007) model of thought presentation.The analysis will delve into the thought patterns of ‘dead’ Susie when she meets her assailant. It investigates lexical selection, semantics, and linguistic patterns. The findings show that thought patterns residing even in the sub-conscious or unconscious of human beings can be reached by analyzing thought representations embedded in a narrative discourse through a variety of thought presentation techniques. The central assumption being that while it takes courage to write about death and rape, it takes imagination to a new realm when a ‘dead’ girl returns to talk about her rape and death