A Comparative Study of the Commercially Available Fungicides to Control Sheath Blight of Rice in Lahore

A comparative study of commercially available fungicides (Cordate, Precurecombi, Curon, Bendict, Nativo, Valedamycin and Tilt) was made to find out the best fungicide against sheath blight fungi (Rhizoctoniasolani). Experimental field was divided into nine treatment units (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9) and each unit was treated with each fungicide and data was collected on the basis of different agronomic traits such as number of tillers per hill, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, disease incidence and yield of crop. As a result fungicides Nativo and Tilt were proved to be best control for sheath blight of rice. Keywords: Sheat blight of rice, Rhizoctonia solani, Rice, Chemical control

The Effects of Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidences Based on Time Series Data from Pakistan

Fiscal policy refers to government‟s efforts to influence the direction of the economy through changes in taxes or expenditures. Optimal fiscal policy in Pakistan and in other developing countries plays a pivotal role in growth process and, hence, serves as a vital instrument for economic growth. The efficacy of fiscal policy in improving economic conditions in the long run is, however, a controversial issue and needs further investigation. In conventional model, a federal tax cut without a corresponding reduction in federal expenditures will encourage consumption expenditures and interest earnings due to increase in personal disposable income. Contrarily, according to Ricardian Equivalence Theorem (RET), the same change in fiscal policy will not result in any of the above mentioned macroeconomic impacts. In other words, a reduction in deficit-financed federal tax cut will not affect macroeconomic outcomes [Saxton (1999)]

Implications of Political Stability and Financial innovations for Sectoral Economic Growth of Pakistan

The economic status of a country plays an important role in the lives of the citizens of both developed and developing countries. With the rapid increase in population, every country is trying to find new ways to boost its growth rate so that it may elicit the maximum number of people from poverty and can compare other countries in the form of improvement. The main objective of the study is to empirically investigate the impact of political stability and financial innovations on economic growth. Furthermore, the study also analyzes the impact of subsectors (Agricultural, Industry, and Services) of the economy on growth. A time-series co-integration autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used to investigate the general to specific sector's growth. The key empirical finding shows that political stability and financial development has a positive and significant impact on economic growth as well as its sub-sectors in the long-run. Trade liberalization has a positive impact on economic growth but most surprising results have been witnessed in agriculture growth for Pakistan

A Contribution to the Previous Study for Genus Agaricus in and around Ayubia National Park, Pakistan

Agaricus is among the most valuable and familiar genera belonging to Basidiomycota. These are known to have a partial veil on their stipe, which helps to protect the gills when they are immature. Escalating human activity and distribution pattern of the species has introduced some new one in the territory while pushing the previously reported one to extinction. Ayubia Nationa Park always remains a suitable place for mushroom hunters and number of species of plants and fungi has already been reported. The present survey was aimed at improving the previous collection and also to check the certain characters of the genus Agaricus. Keywords: Genus Agaricus, Ayubia National Par

Discovery of Remarkable New Ant Species of the Genus Pseudolasius Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) From Western Ghats of India

Pseudolasius zamrood sp. n., is described based upon the worker and the sexual caste. The new species marks the first record of the genus from South India and represents only the seventh species of the genus to be reported from India. The species appears distinct with its extremely reduced eyes. The new species is closest to P. typhlos Wheeler, 1912 from Philippines. However the new species has truncated anterior clypeal margin at the middle lobe, scapes relatively short and propodeum has relatively narrow dorsum in lateral vie

Dyeing studies with henna and madder: A research on effect of tin (II) chloride mordant

The present paper deals with the application of natural dyes extracted from powdered henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaves and madder (Rubia cordifolia) roots on woolen yarn and assessment of effect of stannous chloride mordant on dyeability, color characteristics, fastness properties and antifungal activity of dyed woolen yarn. Sixteen shades have been developed for the characterization of their color characteristics and fastness properties. The color strength (K/S value) has been found to be very good in all dyed woolen yarn samples. The color fastness with respect to light exposure, washing and rubbing was quite satisfactory for both henna as well as madder dyed samples. Henna leaves extract was found very effective against Candida glabrata both in solution as well as after application on wool substrate but no antifungal activity is reported in case of madder both in solution as well as on wool substrate

Prediction of Rutting in Flexible Pavements using Finite Element Method

In this research study three dimensional (3D) finite element analysis are performed on a flexible pavement section for different material properties, temperature and loading conditions. The main objective of this study is to predict the rut depth under different conditions of temperature, loadings and material properties. Three dimensional finite element model of flexible pavement is developed using ABAQUS to predict rut depth. The pavement system is assumed to be an elastic multi-layers system with each layer being isotropic, homogeneous with specified Resilient Modulus (Mr) and Poisson ratio (µ). With the exception of the bottom subgrade layer, each layer is extending to an unlimited horizontal extent and has a finite thickness. The pavement system analyze in this study for a cyclic load of 10000 cycles taken as 0.01sec per cycle. Standard Axle Load (ESAL) of 18 kips (80 kN) loading on an axle with a dual set of tires, the wheel spacing is 13.78 in (350 mm) with a tire contact pressure of 100 psi (0.69 MPa) is used. After performing a series of analysis the results showed that rut depth increases with increase in temperature and loading and decreases by using base stabilizer. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091727 Full Text: PD

Biological movement of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Pakistan; A pioneer project of CEMB, Punjab, Pakistan

Background: In Asia, germ plasm exchange in different ecosystems, has been observed. This exchange causes movement of different pathogens. In present study, we worked on movement of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causing bacterial blight of rice. In 1976, this disease was first recorded from Punjab (Pakistan) but the cultivars of that time showed resistance against bacterial blight. Then in 1984, the disease was seen on IRRI9. Tremendous increase of this pathogen has become prevalent due to increase in demand of Basmati 385 (cultivar), and now it is one of the most important rice diseases in Pakistan. Hypothesis of present study is “there is genetic diversity of Xoo in different rice growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan.”Methods: By fingerprinting; the movement pattern of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae were searched out in present study. The IS1112; a repetitive element of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was used to fingerprint twenty-one bacterial strains.Results: We compared local strains with that of provided by IRRI Philippine (International Rice Research Institute, Philippine). The obtained clusters were correlated with regional differentiation.Conclusion: Present reported work is the pioneer study (1998-2000) which clued the occurrence of regional movement of pathogen via germ plasm exchange. This study may also provide help to forensics to watch the bioterrorism.Keywords: Bacterial blight; Xanthomonas oryzae; Germ plasm; Genetic diversity; SAARC

IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF COMMUNICATION & WORKS DEPARTMENT PESHAWAR.

Project management is a growing concept in public and private organizations of Pakistan. There are many obstacles in way of a successful project completion. The problem of Communication is of great importance in project management. A qualitative investigation was used to explore the importance of communication in project management. The interviews were conducted to explore the phenomena of communication among the ten project team members of Communications & Work department Peshawar. The data were collected and analyzed. The results shows that communication plays an important role in project management. Communication combines and coordinates different areas of project management phases. The findings of the study also illustrate that the communication skills of project managers and team members has a great impact on the project completion and its succes