Beginnings

The beginning of one thing signifies the end of another – for one to start, another must end. With that said, under karmic and Hindu belief, we are constantly in a cycle of beginnings, and endings, until we achieve “moksha” – true oneness with God. Furthermore, within each cycle, there are four stages of life that one hopes to go through, carrying out the ideal goals and progress of each existence. Therefore, this life ultimately is a new beginning to an old soul – a soul that has traveled and journeyed upon eons of time to find happiness, spirituality, completeness and love for others & oneself. Through my experiences, I have recently begun to appreciate the concept of beginnings, that it is an opportunity to move forward and accomplish something new, such as tackling graduate school, starting a new job, or completing a race. This poem describes the continual concept of beginnings, extending from the beginning of each stage of life, to the beginning of each new life cycle

Effect of Valsartan on Renal Marker, Nitrite and Histopathology of Kidney in Ischemia/Reperfusion Induced Renal Damage in Diabetic Rats

Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Valsartan on renal marker, nitrite and histopathology of kidney in Ischemia/reperfusion induced renal damage in diabetic rats. Ischemia/reperfusion injury, which is commonly seen in the field of renal surgery or transplantation in diabetic condition, is a major cause of acute renal failure. Type 2 Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of Streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, STZ) in overnight fasting rats followed by the i.p administration of Nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, NIC) after 15 minutes. After right nephrectomy, Valsartan (8 mg/kg/day, p.o) was administered for 15 days. On the 16th day, ischemia was induced in contra lateral kidney for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 hr. Renal function marker and histopathology were estimated at the end of 24 hr reperfusion. At the end of experimental period the level of nitrite in kidney tissue, serum marker Albumin and Blood urea nitrogen were significantly changed. Valsartan improved the renal dysfunction and nitrite after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. Light microscopic evaluation of the kidneys of the diabetic rats with I/R only showed tubular cell swelling, interstitial edema, tubular dilatation, and moderate to severe necrosis, whereas, Valsartan improve tubular dilation, loss of interstitial hemorrhage, and glomerular atrophy. In conclusion, Valsartan as a beneficial agent on renal marker, nitrite and histopathology of kidney in Ischemia/reperfusion induced renal damage in diabetic rats. -------------------------------------------------------------------Pharmacology Department, Dharmaj Degree Pharmacy College, Petlad-Khambhat Road, Dharmaj, Anand-388430, Gujarat, India*Corresponding author, Email: [email protected], Tel: +919825882522 Cite This Article As: Jagdish Kakadiya, Nehal Shah. 2010. Effect of Valsartan on Renal Marker, Nitrite and Histopathology of Kidney in Ischemia/Reperfusion Induced Renal Damage in Diabetic Rats. J. Ecobiotechnol. 2(3): 12-17

Effect of hesperidin on renal complication in experimentally induced renal damage in diabetic sprague dawley rats

Present study was designed to evaluate in effect of Hesperidine on renal complication in Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced renal damage in Sprague dawley diabetic rats. Hyperglycaemia is most probably a contributing factor in the development of ischaemic acute renal failure (ARF) in many patients. Both clinical and experimental data suggest that hyperglycaemia increases the risk of ARF. Type 2 Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of Streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, STZ) in overnight fasting rats followed by the i.p administration of Nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, NIC) after 15 minutes. After right nephrectomy, Hesperidine (100 mg/kg/day, p.o) was administered for 15 days. On the 16th day, ischemia was induced in contra lateral kidney for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 hr. Renal function marker and oxidative parameter were estimated at the end of 24 hr reperfusion. At the end of experimental period the level of malondialdehyde formation/ lipid peroxidation (LPO) in kidney tissue and serum marker Creatinine, Urea and Uric acids were significantly increased. Whereas, the activity of biomarkers of oxidative stress such as reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found to be decreased significantly compared to control rats. Hesperidine improved the renal dysfunction and oxidative stress after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. In conclusion, Hesperidine shows potent may improve renal complication in I/R induced renal damage in type 2 diabetic rats.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pharmacology Department, Dharmaj Degree Pharmacy College, Petlad-Khambhat Road, Dharmaj, Anand-388430, Gujarat, India*Corresponding author, Email: [email protected]; Tel: +919825882522Cite This Article As: Jagdish Kakadiya, Divyang Patel, Nehal Shah. 2010. Effect of hesperidin on renal complication in experimentally induced renal damage in diabetic sprague dawley rats. J. Ecobiotechnol. 2(2): 45-50

Implementation Comparison of Intra Prediction Scheme

Due to increasing demand of video application such as video conference, video communication, video streaming and storage, video compression is required. Due to this requirement new international standard H.264 & H.265 HEVC are introduce for video compression. These standards improve video compression based on intra prediction. Intra prediction is a technique to enhance compression through use of neighboring pixels to predict current coding block. Intra prediction in H.264 / AVC is executed in the spatial domain, to predict with reference to neighboring samples of previously coded blocks to the left and / or above the block. There are total nine modes used to predict the current block. This work supports 4�4 block size and 16�16 block size for the prediction of the mode. The goal of this work is to reduce the computational complexity of intra prediction and to give accurate prediction result. In this work efficient intra prediction scheme is implemented and compared to literature

Renoprotective Activity of pioglitazone on Ischemia/Reperfusion Induced Renal Damage in diabetic Rats

Present study was designed to evaluate in Renoprotective activity of Pioglitazone on Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced renal damage in diabetic rats. Ischemia/reperfusion injury, which is commonly seen in the field of renal surgery or transplantation in diabetic condition, is a major cause of acute renal failure. Type 2 Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of Streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, STZ) in overnight fasting rats followed by the i.p administration of Nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, NIC) after 15 minutes. After right nephrectomy, Piogltazone (10 mg/kg/day, p.o) was administered for 15 days. On the 16th day, ischemia was induced in contra lateral kidney for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 hr. Renal function marker and oxidative parameter were estimated at the end of 24 hr reperfusion.  At the end of experimental period the level of malondialdehyde formation/ lipid peroxidation (LPO) in kidney tissue and serum marker Creatinine, Urea and Uric acids were significantly increased. Whereas, the activity of biomarkers of oxidative stress such as reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found to be decreased significantly compared to control rats. Pioglitazone improved the renal dysfunction and oxidative stress after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. In conclusion, Pioglitazone shows potent may improve renal function marker and oxidative stress in kidney in I/R induced renal damage in type 2 diabetic rats

DETERMINATION OF S-METHYL L-CYSTEINE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD

Objective: A simple, reproducible and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for determination of S-Methyl L-Cysteine. S-Methyl L-Cysteine is widely observed and most common amino acid in plants, including many edible vegetables, which is responsible for reducing blood cholesterol level in the body. Methods: S-Methyl L-Cysteine was chromatographed using Phosphate buffer of pH 6.5: Acetonitrile in the ratio of 97:3. The liquid chromatogram was equipped with a variable wavelength UV detector, an injector and a data processor. Inertsustain GL-Science Column C-18 (150 mm x 4.6 mm; 5μ) was used as a stationary phase. Results: The retention time of S-Methyl L-Cysteine was observed as 2.261±0.0016 min. The linearity value for S-Methyl L-Cysteine was found to be 100-2000 µg/ml with Correlation of Determination (R2) value as 0.9992. LOD and LOQ values obtained are 29.51μg/ml and 89.74 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The method was developed and validated successfully as per ICH guidelines for analytical method validation

Evaluation of management in acute coronary syndrome and extent of adherence to standard treatment guidelines

Background: India has the highest burden of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the world. This research is to evaluate prescriptions pattern and extent of adherence to American College of Cardiology (ACC)\American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines in the management of ACS with patient outcome.Methods: Case record form containing patient’s demographic, clinical profile, diagnosis, prescription drugs (with dose, duration and frequency) were noted. Pharmacotherapy was compared to ACC/AHA guidelines, to evaluate adherence, guideline adherence index (GAI-5) was used for 5 major drug groups for ACS. GAI was calculated as: number of patients using the prescribed medications/number of eligible patients multiplied by 100.Results: A total of 172 patients diagnosed with ACS. 64 (37.20%) Patients with the highest preponderance to ACS belonged to 51-60 years age group with a 4.73:1 male to female ratio. ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (44.77%) was the most common diagnosis and an average of 14.66±4.34 drugs were prescribed. Majority of the patients opted for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with or without having received fibrinolytic therapy at onset. Adherence to the ACC/AHA guidelines being 93.75% and 118 prescriptions being 100% adherent to the guidelines. A positive correlation between adherence and number of drugs was statistically significant.Conclusions: The success of evidence-based medicine (EBM) was well noted with a 0% in hospital mortality rate i.e. all of the 172 patients were discharged with therapeutic success. Despite the concept of EBM and its proven effectiveness, there is a paucity of availability of such guidelines in India, so this study, a first of its kind can serve as a starting point of generating national as well as local guidelines

Counterfeit drugs in India: significance and impact on pharmacovigilance

Counterfeit drugs have emerged as a major global problem. This issue has been brought to the centre of the Indian media due to the death of 15 women attending a sterilization camp in Chhattisgarh. India’s pharmaceutical industry exports drugs worth 15 billion dollars, which means a high prevalence of counterfeiting in India’s drug industry has global repercussions. However, accurate figures on the extent of counterfeit drugs in India are not available. The scientific literature as well as media reports often quotes figures of 10-35%, though studies done by the Indian Government dispute this. Counterfeit drug numbers have been known to be under represented by Governments due to fear of undermining their economy and health systems. On the other hand, rival companies in other countries may have an incentive to over hype India’s counterfeit problem to dent India’s growing status as the leading global supplier of generic medicines. Lack of clear definitions and differences between laws of countries further complicate reporting. A high prevalence of counterfeit drugs has a large impact on both health and economic indicators. Additionally, counterfeit drugs provide significant challenges to Pharmacovigilance programmes. Hence, here we discuss the significance of use of counterfeit drugs in India and challenges faced by Pharmacovigilance due to the extensive use of counterfeit drugs

Coin Value Counter

The coins which are required to be counted manually, collected in huge amount, for example the coins collected at donation box in the temples is very hard. Counting of coins be made easy with the method which is given here for coin recognition, and here scanning of the coin from both the sides is considered. The main aim of this project is counting the value of coins as well as the total number of coins using image processing with MATLAB. Coin segmentation and cropping is done using codes in image processing. The Eigen value of coins is calculated using MATLAB .Eigen values and Eigen vectors are used to create the Eigen faces of the coins which will help in Coin Recognition. Real-time image is captured and identified and thus coin recognition is done. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150520