Prevalence of hepatitis B and C and assessment of responsible risk factors among the vulnerable β-thalassemic patients of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

Approximately 350 million patients of hepatitis B and 170 million patients of Hepatitis C are present worldwide according to WHO. Many risk factors are involved in the transmission of theses deadly viral infections but blood transfusion in Beta thalassemic patients is working with two faces, one as remedy and the other is key risk factor in the spread of silent killers. Thalassemia patients registered in Combine Military Hospital (CMH) Rawalakot and Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Hospital, Muzaffarabad Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan were studied for the viral hepatitis B and C prevalence. A total of 303 (including 164 males and 139 females) individuals, aged between 1 and 12 years were studied. All the understudy participants were interviewed through questionnaire method. After taking written consent from each participant or guardian, 5 ml of blood was collected from each participant and brought to the working laboratory for HBV and HCV screening through ICT kit method. All ICT positive samples were further confirmed through ELISA. Individuals 25(8.2%) were found positive for both hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) and Anti hepatitis C antibody (Anti-HCV antibody) after initial screening with no coinfection of both diseases. Out of 25 total infected individuals, 05(1.6%) were found HBsAg positive and 20(6.6%) were found anti-HCV positive. All the ICT positive individuals were further confirmed by quantitative Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and 23(7.6%) individuals were confirmed for both hepatitis B and C including 05(1.6%) HBsAg positive as well as 18(5.9%) anti-HCV antibody positive individuals. We can conclude that 8.2% prevalence of hepatitis B and C among thalassemic patients is an alarming health concern which directly indicates to pay attention for ensuring 100% safe blood transfusion

IIMI-Sudan's program for national capacity building

In Rao, P. S.; Abeywickrema, N. Review of IIMI's experience in strengthening national capacity for irrigation management and research. Part 1 and II. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI)

Performance of the Gezira canals

In International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). Sudan Field Operations. Gezira Scheme. Khartoum, Sudan: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). Sudan Field OperationsIrrigation Management in Sudan Technical Report

Water and yield distribution performance of the Rahad Irrigation Scheme

In International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). Sudan Field Operations. Rahad Irrigation Scheme. Khartoum, Sudan: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). Sudan Field OperationsIrrigation Management in Sudan Technical Report

Program planning for IIMI Sudan: outcome of national workshop

In International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). Sudan Field Operations. Irrigation management: 5 year IIMI Program for Sudan. Khartoum, Sudan: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). Sudan Field OperationsIrrigation Management in Sudan Technical Report

Irrigation practices at the farm level

In Riaz, K.; Wahaj, R. (Ed.), Tertiary sub-system management: Proceedings of one-day workshop held on June 18, 1995 in Lahore, Pakistan. Lahore, Pakistan: IIMI Pakista

The hydraulic performance of an irrigation system in the Nile Basin

In Mohamed, K. A.; Elawad, O. M. A.; Mohd, Y. A.; Hussein, A. S.; Yousif, D. M.; Khudari, M. N. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Khartoum Nile 2002 Conference 1994: Comprehensive water resources development of the Nile Basin: The vision ahead. Wad Medani, Sudan: Hydraulic Research Statio

International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) and its global vision

In International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). Sudan Field Operations. Irrigation management: 5 year IIMI Program for Sudan. Khartoum, Sudan: International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI). Sudan Field OperationsIrrigation Management in Sudan Technical Report