Components-mythonyms in composite clinical terms (on the material of names of obsessive insurances)

The article discusses the components-mythonyms that are in the names of obsessive fears. The cultural and historical information contained in the names is revealed. The importance of studying ancient culture for understanding the meaning of medical terms is substantiatedВ статье рассмотрены компоненты-мифонимы, встречающиеся в названиях навязчивых страхов. Говорится о культурно-историческом содержании клинических терминов. Обосновывается важность изучения античной культуры для понимания значения медицинских терминов

Induction and migration of cryptic/defective Salmonella enterica prophages as a consequence of infection with lytic phages is an additional factor in stability of a coevolutionary vector

The influence of infection of natural isolates of Salmonella enterica with lytic (nonlysogenic) phages on the expression of resident cryptic or defective prophages in host bacteria was studied. The induction of defective/cryptic phages after infection with nonlysogenic phages and packaging of bacterial chromosomal fragments in capsids of defective phages is demonstrated. This may lead to migration and wide distribution of both the genomes of defective phages per se and various fragments of the bacterial chromosome (including pathogenic islands) in new bacterial strains with concomitant change of their properties, the acquired new features of pathogenicity among them.This work was supported by EC PhageVet-P (contract no. FOOD-CT-2005-007224) and by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant no. 08-04-00162-a). We gratefully acknowledge the support of organizations presenting the grants.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The T7-Related Pseudomonas putida Phage ϕ15 Displays Virion-Associated Biofilm Degradation Properties

Formation of a protected biofilm environment is recognized as one of the major causes of the increasing antibiotic resistance development and emphasizes the need to develop alternative antibacterial strategies, like phage therapy. This study investigates the in vitro degradation of single-species Pseudomonas putida biofilms, PpG1 and RD5PR2, by the novel phage ϕ15, a ‘T7-like virus’ with a virion-associated exopolysaccharide (EPS) depolymerase. Phage ϕ15 forms plaques surrounded by growing opaque halo zones, indicative for EPS degradation, on seven out of 53 P. putida strains. The absence of haloes on infection resistant strains suggests that the EPS probably act as a primary bacterial receptor for phage infection. Independent of bacterial strain or biofilm age, a time and dose dependent response of ϕ15-mediated biofilm degradation was observed with generally a maximum biofilm degradation 8 h after addition of the higher phage doses (104 and 106 pfu) and resistance development after 24 h. Biofilm age, an in vivo very variable parameter, reduced markedly phage-mediated degradation of PpG1 biofilms, while degradation of RD5PR2 biofilms and ϕ15 amplification were unaffected. Killing of the planktonic culture occurred in parallel with but was always more pronounced than biofilm degradation, accentuating the need for evaluating phages for therapeutic purposes in biofilm conditions. EPS degrading activity of recombinantly expressed viral tail spike was confirmed by capsule staining. These data suggests that the addition of high initial titers of specifically selected phages with a proper EPS depolymerase are crucial criteria in the development of phage therapy

Pangenomic analyses of the <i>Tevenvirinae</i>.

<p>(a) Gene presence/absence matrix plot. Blue regions correspond to genes present in a minimum of two phages on the extreme right hand side and increasing to all phages (if applicable) on the extreme left. (b) A plot of unique genes against the number of genomes. Numbers of unique genes rises with genome number highlighting the fact that individual members of the <i>Tevenvirinae</i> contain a significant quantity of novel genes. (c) A plot of the number of pangenomic genes (those not common to any phages) against number of genomes showing a steady rise in the T4-like pangenome and highlighting the wide array of accessory genes present in this group. (d) Graph showing number of completely new genes against genome number in each successive phage highlighting that despite a steady increase in unique genes across the entire <i>Tevenvirinae</i>, the number of new genes with respect to each additional phage steadily declines showing that there is a limit on the novelty and that there is some commonality across a large majority of members.</p

Graph showing distribution of putative <i>Tevenvirinae</i> genome sizes.

<p>Phages infecting related hosts are colour coded appropriately with labels provided specifying the phage or group of phages. <i>Pseudomonas</i> phage pf16, <i>Rhodothermus</i> phage RM378 (smallest genome), <i>Prochlorococcus</i> phage P-SSM2 (largest genome), and <i>Enterobacteria</i> phage T4 are circled and labelled in bold. Contour density lines shows clustering of most phages around similar genome sizes. Boxplot at the bottom of the figure summarises the distribution of the phages. The main box and associated lines shows the spread, mean, and quartiles of the main cluster observed within the major contour lines with outliers and the smallest/largest genomes represented as dots.</p

Electron microscopic images of (a) and (b), bacteriophage pf16 in non-contracted and contracted forms respectively, and (c) and (d) bacteriophage phiPMW.

<p>Scale bar corresponds to 100 nm.</p

Comparative genome composition of the <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> phage pf16 and <i>Enterobacteria</i> phage T4.

<p>Predicted ORFs are presented as arrows indicating the direction of transcription. Arrows are coloured by function according to the key presented at the bottom of the figure. Functional annotations (if any) are given alongside respective ORFs. Red shading between phages indicates percentage amino acid identity according to the key given.</p

Network representations of the BLASTx based core gene analysis of pf16 and the putative <i>Tevenvirinae</i>.

<p>(a) pf16 BLASTx network of genes related to <i>Enterobacteria</i> phage T4 alone. (b) pf16 BLASTx network of genes related to the putative <i>Tevenvirinae</i> following “gene filtration” via BLASTx analysis of all genes against T4 followed by compilation into a new database. T4 is represented as the black dot in the centre of each network. Genes are coloured according to predicted function as per legends provided for Figs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0184307#pone.0184307.g002" target="_blank">2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0184307#pone.0184307.g003" target="_blank">3</a>. Gene product (gp) labels are provided at each locus. Distance from T4 central dot correlates with relatedness of gp relative to other genes.</p

Table showing sigma70 promoter elements within <i>Pseudomonas</i> phage phiPMW.

<p>Table showing sigma70 promoter elements within <i>Pseudomonas</i> phage phiPMW.</p