EFEITO DA FORMA FÍSICA DA RAÇÃO SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes formas físicasde rações sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte, lote misto, nas fases pré-inicial (1 a 7 dias deidade), inicial (8 a 21 dias de idade), de crescimento (22 a 42 dias de idade), final (43 a 49 diasde idade) e período total (1 a 49 dias de idade). Foram distribuidos 2.880 frangos de corte emum delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e seis repetições, totalizando48 parcelas. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: ração farelada; ração expandida - triturada; raçãoexpandida - peletizada - triturada; ração expandida e 50% peletizada; ração expandida e 60%peletizada; ração expandida e 70% peletizada; ração expandida e 80% peletizada; e, ração expandidae 90% peletizada. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo programaSAS ® e as médias comparadas pelo teste Student-Newman-Keuls em um nível de 5% de probabilidade.De acordo com os resultados, recomenda-se para as fases pré-inicial, inicial e final autilização de ração farelada e, para a fase de crescimento, recomenda-se o uso de ração expandidae peletizada (a partir de 60%) para lotes de frangos de corte mistos.Palavras-chave: Ração expandida. Ração farelada. Ração peletizada. Ração triturada

Vitamina C intra-ovo e estresse por calor na incubação de frangos de corte

Estresse calórico afeta o desempenho e as características morfofuncionais dos frangos. Manipulação das condições ambientais na fase fetal tem se mostrado efetiva na indução de características adaptativas ao calor na incubação. Manipulação nutricional da ave com anti-estressores também tem sido apontado como potencial indutor de adaptações fisiológicas ao calor na fase de criação. O presente estudo analisou os efeitos do estresse por calor na incubação associado ou não à injeção de ácido ascórbico (AA) intra ovo sobre características morfofuncionais dos pintos na eclosão e sobre seu desempenho pós-eclosão e características morfofuncionais à idade de abate quando criados sob temperatura fria, termoneutra ou quente. No Capítulo 1 apresentamos uma abordagem teórica sobre o tema. Nos Capítulos 2, 3 e 4 são abordados os efeitos da alta temperatura de incubação associada ou não com diferentes porcentagens de AA injetado intra ovo antes da incubação sobre parâmetros de incubação (temperatura da casca dos ovos, perda de massa dos ovos, eclodibilidade, mortalidade, condutância e qualidade dos pintos), hemodinâmica (eritrograma, leucograma e variáveis bioquímicas e gases) e desenvolvimento da bursa de Fabrícius (peso, área medular e cortical dos folículos, espessura de epitélio e proliferação celular). Para isso, ovos férteis de matrizes de frangos de corte (Cobb) foram utilizados em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado 2x5 (temperatura de incubação: 37,5ºC e 39ºC; sem injeção de AA e injeção de 0%, 2%, 4% e 6% de AA). Os dados do Capítulo 2 mostram que as porcentagens de AA utilizadas afetaram a perda de calor por condução e a taxa de eclosão dos ovos, e que não minimizaram os efeitos da alta temperatura de incubação sobre o desenvolvimento hepático e cardíaco...Heat stress affects the performance and morphofunctional characteristics of broilers. Manipulation of environmental conditions during the fetal period has been effective in the induction of adaptive traits in heat incubation.Nutritional manipulation of the bird with anti-stressors has also been touted as a potential inducer of physiological adaptations to heat in the growing phase. The present study examined the effects of heat stress on incubation with and without intra-egg injection of ascorbic acid (AA) on the morphofunctional characteristics of chicks at hatching and their post-hatch performance and morphofunctional characteristics at slaughter age when raised under cold thermoneutral or hot temperatures. In Chapter 1 we present a theoretical approach to the topic. In Chapters 2, 3 and 4 the effects of high incubation temperature associated or not with different percentages of AA injected intra-egg before incubation on incubation parameters (temperature, eggshell, weight loss, hatchability, mortality, conductance and chick quality), hemodynamics (erythrocyte, leukocyte count and biochemical variables and gases) and development of the Fabrucius bursa (weight, medullary and cortical area of the follicles, epithelial thickness and cell proliferation) are addressed. For this fertile Cobb broiler eggs were used in a completely randomized design 2x5 (incubation temperature: 37.5º C and 39º C, not injection of AA, and injection of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% of AA). The data in Chapter 2 show that the percentage of AA used affected the heat loss by conduction and hatching rate of the eggs and did not minimize the effects of high temperature incubation on the heart and liver development..

Effects of Ascorbic Acid Injection in Incubated Eggs Submitted to Heat Stress on Incubation Parameters and Chick Quality Praes MFFM I Morita VS II Zanirato GL II

ABSTRACT Dose-dependent positive effects on hatchability and hatchling weight have been attributed to ascorbic acid (AA) when eggs were submitted or not to intermittent heat stress during incubation. Fertile breeder (Cobb®) eggs were used to determine if the pre-incubation injection of AA in ovo affects the incubation and hatchling quality of egg incubated under thermoneutral or intermittent heat stress conditions. Eggs were not injected or injected with 0, 2,4, or 6% AA/100µL water and incubated at continuous thermoneutral (37.5ºC) or hot (39.0ºC) temperature. Eggshell temperature (EST) increased in the second half of the incubation period in all experimental groups. The EST of non-injected eggs and of those injected with water was higher when incubated at 39°C than at 37.5°C, but EST was not different among eggs injected with AA. Egg mass loss and eggshell conductance were higher in the eggs incubated at 39°C than at 37.5°C.Hatchability was lower in the eggs injected with AA. Liver and yolk sac weights were higher, whereas heart and liver weights were lower in hatchlings from eggs incubated at 39°C; however, hatchling weight was not affected by incubation temperature. The results showed that AA doses affected egg conductive heat loss and hatchability, and that they did not minimize the effects of high incubation temperature on liver and heart development

Effect of Led Lighting Colors for Laying Japanese Quails Nääs IA

ABSTRACT Time of exposure and light intensity rearing house may affect the performance and egg quality of laying quails. This research aimed at evaluating the live performance, egg quality, biometry of the reproductive system, and the gastrointestinal tract of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to artificial light-emitting diodes (LED) of different colors in comparison with fluorescent lamps. A total of 240 Japanese quails were distributed in completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (fluorescent lamp, and green, red, or blue LED lamps) with six replicates of 10 birds each. Average egg weight and eggshell thickness were different (p<0.05) when LED bulbs were compared with fluorescent lamps. The egg weight of the birds exposed to the red LED was similar to those under a fluorescent lamp (p>0.05). The oviduct of 64-d-old hens exposed to green LED lighting was shorter (p<0.05) than those exposed to the fluorescent lamp. Red LED can be used to replace the fluorescent lamps, as they promote the same live performance, egg quality, and morphological development of the reproductive tract of laying Japanese quails

Effect of cypermethrin on the control of lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) and broiler performance

This study analysed the effectiveness of using different levels of a product based on 6% cypermethrin and 2% citronella on broiler production and control the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus). A total of 648 one-day-old chicks (Cobb (R)) which were allocated to one of three treatments (no application of the commercial product- control, and two concentrations of the product 2.00 and 3.33g/m(2)) in eight replicates with 27 birds each. The commercial product, which was based on cypermethrin was applied in the chambers with an atomizer. The lesser mealworm population was sampled weekly (1,7,14, 21, 28,35 and 42 days of the experiment) using traps, at three points (front, middle and back) inside the pen. The performance, carcass and cut yields were evaluated. At 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment, the number of lesser mealworm adults and larvae was lower in the treatment groups involving 2.00 and 3.33g/m(2) of the product than in the control group. On the first and 14th days of the study, the number of lesser mealworms adults was lower in the group treated with 3.33g/m(2) of the product compared to the control group, although the results did not differ statistically from those obtained with 2.00g/m(2) of the product. In conclusion, the application of the commercial product at both concentrations (2.00 and 3.33g/m(2)) was effective in combating Aiphitobius diaperinus adults and larvae, and the performance was not influenced by treatments

Effect of sodium gluconate on performance, carcass characteristics, and intestinal morphometry of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes do gluconato de sódio sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça e de partes e a morfometria da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 1200 frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, envolvendo cinco tratamentos (0,00; 0,10; 0,20; 0,30 e 0,40% de gluconato de sódio) com oito repetições de 30 aves cada parcela. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e em caso de significância estatística foram realizadas análises de regressão pelos modelos polinomial e quadrático. A inclusão do gluconato de sódio não afetou o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça e de partes. Entretanto, exerceu efeito benéfico sobre a morfometria da mucosa intestinal do duodeno e do jejuno.The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the sodium gluconate addition on performance (feed intake, body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, livability and productive efficiency), carcass characteristics (carcass, breast, thigh and drumstick, wing and back yield), and morphometry of duodenum, jejunal and ileum of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. A total of 1,200 Cobb male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40% sodium gluconate), and eight replications of 30 broilers each. The inclusion of sodium gluconate did not affect the broiler performance and carcass characteristics. However, the morphometry of duodenum and jejunal mucosa showed beneficial effects

Hatching phase influences thermal preference of broilers throughout rearing.

Here we aimed for the first time to analyse whether opposite hatching patterns associated or not to high incubation temperature from day 13 to hatching interferes with the thermal preference and response of broilers to heat stress throughout the rearing period. Fertile eggs from 56-week-old broiler breeders (Cobb-500®) were used in a completely randomized trial with a 2x2 factorial arrangement (Short-Long and Long-Short hatching patterns: short time interval between internal and external pipping followed by long time interval between external pipping and hatching, and long time interval between internal and external pipping followed by short time interval between external pipping and hatching, respectively; and control and high incubation temperatures: 37.5°C and 39°C from the 13rd day, respectively). Thermal manipulation from day 13 was chosen because it is known endocrine axes are already established at this time. At hatching, male chicks were reared in climatical chamber with 16 boxes, maintained at the temperature recommended for this strain, with 4 replicates of 18 chicks per treatment. Broilers with Long-Short hatching pattern and from eggs incubation at 37.5°C preferred the lowest ambient temperature at all analyzed ages, whereas broilers with Short-Long hatching pattern and from eggs incubated at 39°C preferred the highest temperatures from 21 days of age. Heat-exposed broilers showed increased respiratory frequency in all ages analyzed, which should have to contributed to maintainance of their rectal (body) temperature. The hatching patterns did not influence the feed intake, but broilers with Short-Long hatching pattern had better feed conversion, weight gain, and body weight. High incubation temperature reduced the feed consumption, as well as the weight gain and body weight by worsening the feed conversion. The results of this study reveal that hatching patterns associated or not to high incubation temperature influence the broiler thermal preference and heat response throughout the rearing period. Chicks with Long-Short and Short-Long hatching patterns should be reared separately, although this is not practical within a hatcher

Phytase in diets with crude protein levels for commercial layers

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of the phytase enzyme in diets formulated with variations in the crude protein content on performance and egg quality of commercial layers. A total of 336 commercial layers were housed at eight birds per cage in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with seven replicates. Treatments consisted of four crude-protein levels (17, 15, and 13%) and two enzyme levels (0 and 500 FTU kg-1 diet), distributed in a completely randomized design. Feed intake, egg production, feed conversion per dozen eggs and per kilogram, egg weight and mass, specific gravity, eggshell thickness, and Haugh unit were measured over five 28-day periods. The performance of commercial layers fed the diet containing 13% crude protein worsened, irrespective of phytase addition. However, at 15% crude protein, phytase inclusion did not affect feed conversion or egg weight. Inclusion of phytase leads to equal egg-quality and performance results at the dietary crude protein levels of 17 and 15%. The crude protein content of 13%, with or without phytase, is not recommended for the diet of brown-egg layers.

Effect of sodium gluconate on performance, carcass characteristics, and intestinal morphometry of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age=Efeito do gluconato de sódio sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e morfometria da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the sodium gluconate addition on performance (feed intake, body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, livability and productive efficiency), carcass characteristics (carcass, breast, thigh and drumstick, wing and back yield), and morphometry of duodenum, jejunal and ileum of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. A total of 1,200 Cobb male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40% sodium gluconate), and eight replications of 30 broilers each. The inclusion of sodium gluconate did not affect the broiler performance and carcass characteristics. However, the morphometry of duodenum and jejunal mucosa showed beneficial effects.O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes do gluconato de sódio sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça e de partes e a morfometria da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 1200 frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, envolvendo cinco tratamentos (0,00; 0,10; 0,20; 0,30 e 0,40% de gluconato de sódio) com oito repetições de 30 aves cada parcela. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e em caso de significância estatística foram realizadas análises de regressão pelos modelos polinomial e quadrático. A inclusão do gluconato de sódio não afetou o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça e de partes. Entretanto, exerceu efeito benéfico sobre a morfometria da mucosa intestinal do duodeno e do jejuno