Heparin Induces Apoptosis in Lymphocytes from B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

It has been shown that glycosaminoglycans play a role in the regulation of immune response. In particular, heparin exerts an antiproliferative and apoptotic action in different cellular systems. In this study we evaluate whether heparin can also induce a naturally occurring programmed cell death in lymphocytes from B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), a neoplastic lineage where apoptosis is blocked by the expression of the proto-oncogene bc1-2. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 7 cases of B-CLL patients in different stages were cultured with three different heparin sodium concentrations for 4 days. Apoptosis was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis and by cytofluorimetric analysis. Bcl-2 expression was tested by flow cytometric analysis and immunohistochemistry on cytospin preparations. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed the characteristic DNA fragmentation pattern of apoptosis in all the cases of B-CLL stage III and IV after heparin incubation. DNA from normal and neoplastic lymphocytes cultured without heparin did not undergo spontaneous apoptosis. Cytofluorimetric analysis confirmed the agarose gel pattern and found a level of apoptosis over 50% after culture of neoplastic PBL with heparin. In these cases bcl-2 expression was found to be significantly reduced after heparin incubation when comparing to bcl-2 level before incubation. Our data adds further evidence regarding the potential role of heparin in oncogene inhibition and in apoptosis induction. In particular, the induction of apoptosis in neoplastic lymphocytes by heparin may have a role in the complicated field of interactions between the immune system and the blood vessels by glycosaminoglycans

Crystal and Molecular Structure of (S)-a-(p-Bromobenzenesulphonamido)-B-propiothiolactone

(S)-a-(p-Bromobenzenesulphonamido)-{J-propiothiolactone, C9H8N03S2Br, crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with a = = 1.0125(2), b = 1.2439(1) and c = 0.9304(3) nm, Z = 4 in space group P212121• The compound is isostructural with the analogous chloro derivative. The crystal structure has been refined from diffractometer data to conventional R and Ra values of 0.045 and 0.048 for 2277 reflections with I ~ 2a (I). The heterocyclic four-membered ring has a puckering angle of 8.9(4) 0 • The dihedral angle between the best planes of the /)-propiothiolactone and benzene rings is 84.1(2) 0 • The structure consists of discrete molecules connected along the a axis by intermolecular hydrogen bonds N-H ... O of 291.9(7) pm

Crystal and Molecular Structure of (S)-a-(pCyanobenzenesulphonamido)-B- propiothiolactone, C10H8N203S2

Crystals of the title compound are monoclinic, space group P21, with a = 1.0018(2), b = 0.9722(2), c = 0.6262(1) nm, fJ = 102.32(1)° and Z = 2. The structure was solved by direct methods using 1113 reflections with I 2\u27: 20 (I) and refined to a conventional R index of 0.051. The heterocyclic four-membered ring is bent and has a puckering angle of 18.7(7)°. The dihedral angle between the best planes of the B-propiothiolactone and benzene ring is 70.2(3)°. Discrete molecules are connected along the b axis by intermolecular hydrogen bonds N--H ... O of 309.5(9) pm

Synthesis of a new series of indolinic aminoxyls. Reaction of indoles, 2-phenylbenzothiazole, 2-phenylbenzoaxozole and 2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one with organolithium reagents.

2-Alkyl-2-phenyl-3,3-dimethylindolines, obtained by 1,2 organolithium addition to 2-phenyl-3,3-dimethyl-3H-indole, are converted into a new series of aminoxyls by oxidation with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. Attempts to synthesise, in a similar way, suitable precursors such as 1,2-dihydro-2-phenyl-2-alkylbenzothiazole, 1,2-dihydro-2-phenyl-2-alkylbenzoxazole and 1,2-dihydro-2-phenyl-2-alkyl-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one for other new aminoxyls failed. In fact, 2-phenylbenzothiazole, 2-phenylbenzoxazole and 2-phenyl-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one react with organolithium reagents affording products deriving from ring opening. Crystal structures of 2,3-dimethyl-3-phenyl-3H-indole and bis(2-triphenylmethylaminophenyl) disulfide are also described

Tribological performances of Zn-based coating in direct hot stamping

In hot stamping of High Strength Steels, the severe tribological conditions make the metal sheet coating one of the most critical choices for the technical and economical success of the process. This paper presents the approach and the results in evaluating a Zinc-based coating applied to boron steel sheets in hot stamping operations. Thermal and physical-simulation experiments were carried out to evaluate the chemical interactions between the coating and the metal sheet and the tribological performances during the process. The coating proved to overcome most of the drawbacks of the currently utilized Al\u2013Si coating

New insights on the reaction of trialkyl phosphites with 2-phenyl-3-phenylimino-3H-indole N-oxide: an indolic nitrone. Crystal structures of 1-diethylphosphoryl-2-phenyl-3-phenylamino-1H-indole and 2-phenyl-4-phenylimino-4H-3,1-benzoxazine

2-Phenyl-3-phenylimino-3H-indole N-oxide (an indolic nitrone) reacts with triethyl and triisopropyl phosphite in refluxing xylene and tert-butylbenzene to give 2-phenyl-3-phenylimino-3H-indole (indolenine) in very good yield. The same reaction carried out in refluxing phosphite gave rise to a series of compounds which in part derive from the thermal rearrangement of the starting nitrone and in part from the interaction of the indolenine with phosphites. The formation of the products arising from the reduction of the indolenine is explained by an electron transfer process between this intermediate and the phosphite; whereas the formation of the phosphorylated products is interpreted through the evolution of the intermediate zwitterion generated by the nucleophilic attack of the phosphite on carbon-2 of the indolenine. The formation of this intermediate is also discussed in terms of an electron transfer process. Crystal structures of 1-diethylphosphoryl-2-phenyl-3-phenylamino-1H-indole and 2-phenyl-4-phenylimino-4H-3,1-benzoxazine are also described

Crystal and molecular structure of (S)-a-(p-bromobenzenesulphonamido)-B-propiothiolactone

(S)-a-(p-Bromobenzenesulphonamido)-{J-propiothiolactone, C9H8N03S2Br, crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with a = = 1.0125(2), b = 1.2439(1) and c = 0.9304(3) nm, Z = 4 in space group P212121• The compound is isostructural with the analogous chloro derivative. The crystal structure has been refined from diffractometer data to conventional R and Ra values of 0.045 and 0.048 for 2277 reflections with I ~ 2a (I). The heterocyclic four-membered ring has a puckering angle of 8.9(4) 0 • The dihedral angle between the best planes of the /)-propiothiolactone and benzene rings is 84.1(2) 0 • The structure consists of discrete molecules connected along the a axis by intermolecular hydrogen bonds N-H ... O of 291.9(7) pm

Crystal and molecular structure of (S)-a-(pCyanobenzenesulphonamido)-B- propiothiolactone, C10H8N203S2

Crystals of the title compound are monoclinic, space group P21, with a = 1.0018(2), b = 0.9722(2), c = 0.6262(1) nm, fJ = 102.32(1)° and Z = 2. The structure was solved by direct methods using 1113 reflections with I 2': 20 (I) and refined to a conventional R index of 0.051. The heterocyclic four-membered ring is bent and has a puckering angle of 18.7(7)°. The dihedral angle between the best planes of the B-propiothiolactone and benzene ring is 70.2(3)°. Discrete molecules are connected along the b axis by intermolecular hydrogen bonds N--H ... O of 309.5(9) pm