Hardware division by small integer constants

International audienceThis article studies the design of custom circuits for division by a small positive constant. Such circuits can be useful to specific FPGA and ASIC applications. The first problem studied is the Euclidean division of an unsigned integer by a constant, computing a quotient and a remainder. Several new solutions are proposed and compared against the state of the art. As the proposed solutions use small look-up tables, they match well the hardware resources of an FPGA. The article then studies whether the division by the product of two constants is better implemented as two successive dividers or as one atomic divider. It also considers the case when only a quotient or only a remainder are needed. Finally, it addresses the correct rounding of the division of a floating-point number by a small integer constant. All these solutions, and the previous state of the art, are compared in terms of timing, area, and area-timing product. In general, the relevance domains of the various techniques are very different on FPGA and on ASIC

CHESMIN: A Heuristic for state Reduction in Incompletely Specified Finite State Machines,” Proc. 2002 Design, Automation, and Test in Europe Conf. and Exhibition, 2002 [9

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Semi- and Fully-Random Access LUTs for Smooth Functions

International audienceLook-Up Table (LUT) implementation of complicated functions often offers lower latency compared to algebraic implementations at the expense of significant area penalty. If the function is smooth, MultiPartite table method (MP) can circumvent the area problem by breaking up the implementation into multiple smaller LUTs. However, even some of these smaller LUTs may be big in high accuracy MP implementations. Lossless LUT compression can be applied to these LUTs to further improve area and even timing in some cases. The state-of-the-art in the literature decomposes the Table of Initial Values (TIV) of MP into a table of pivots and tables of differences from the pivots. Our technique instead places differences of consecutive elements in the difference tables and result in a smaller range of differences that fit in fewer bits. Constraining the difference of consecutive input values, hence semi-random access, allows us to further optimize designs. We also propose variants of our techniques with variable length coding. We implemented Verilog generators of MP for sine and exponential using conventional LUT as well as different versions of the state-of-the-art and our technique. We synthesized the generated designs on FPGA and found that our techniques produce up to 29% improvement in area, 11% improvement in timing, and 26% improvement in area-time product over the state-of-the-art

Changes in the Frequency of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Type I Diabetes Mellitus Cases at Diagnosis: A Fifteen-Year Single Center Experience

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among children diagnosed with Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Materials and Methods: This study included 282 pediatric cases diagnosed with T1DM between January 1999 and June 2014. Patients were divided into three groups according to age at onset (0.5 to 5.99 years, 6.0 to 10.99 years, and 11.0 to 18.0 years) and date of onset (January 1999-December 2003, January 2004-December 2008, and January 2009-June 2014). Date and age of diagnosis, seasons of diagnosis, gender, symptoms at admission, and laboratory findings were analyzed and compared in these groups. Results: Of all the patients diagnosed with T1DM, 122 (43.2%) presented with DKA. In terms of the severity of DKA, 45.1% were mild, 32.8% moderate, and 22.1% severe. The frequency of DKA was found to increase over the years (36.4% between January 1999-December 2003, 41.7% between January 2004-December 2008, 46.5% between January 2009-June 2014). The symptom duration was significantly lower and DKA frequency was higher in ≤5 year-old patients (p<0.001, p<0.004, respectively). The most prevalent symptoms were polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. The patients were diagnosed mostly (61.5%) in autumn and winter. Conclusion: This study showed that the frequency of DKA among children with newly diagnosed T1DM in our country is still high. This indicates a persistent need to increase awareness of the symptoms of diabetes

Intracoronary streptokinase after primary percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND