A case of osteosarcoma presenting primarily as breast mass

Osteosarcoma presenting as a breast mass is a rare disease. We present a case of a 22 year old female who was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of left sided breast mass of 6months duration. On physical examination she had a huge mass on the left breast with no skin lesion and no lymph nodes. Pathology from biopsy showed osteosarcoma. Here we report the findings in detail along with current review of literature. Keywords: Osteosarcoma, Breas

Effect of combined application of organic-P and inorganic-N fertilizers on yield of carrot

A study was undertaken to assess the effect of combined application of organic-P and inorganic-N fertilizers on yield and yield components of carrot (Daucus carota L.). The field experiment was conducted at Kombolcha ATVET College, South Wollo, Ethiopia. Seeds of carrot were sown on raised beds of a black clay soil. “Orga “and urea were used as sources of phosphorus and nitrogen, respectively, for the fertilizer treatments. The rates of fertilizers used in the experiment were, 309 kg“orga” ha-1 combined with six rates of urea (0, 68.5, 267.2, 274,342.5 and 411 kg urea ha-1). The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with seven fertilizer treatments,replicated five times. Yield and yield components of carrot were significantly influenced by the preharvest combined application of “orga” and urea treatments. Pre-harvest application of 309 kg “orga”ha-1 combined with 274 kg urea ha-1 increased yield of carrot by 46% compared to the control treatment. The values of yield components of carrot were also increased in response to the increased rate ofcombined “orga” and urea fertilizer application. The result showed that the combined application of 309 kg ha-1 “orga”and 274 kg ha-1 urea resulted in the maximum yield of carrot

Trauma in Ethiopia Revisited: A systematic Review

Background: This is a systematic review on trauma/injury incidents which has tried to examine the variety of socio-demographic, vehicular,  environmental, and behavioral factors that are associated with injury and its outcome across different settings.Data Sources: Electronic searches for trauma/injuries from peer-reviewed literature and websites from 1960 to August 2013.Study Selection: 36 studies met the study inclusion criteria.Data Extraction: A systematic narrative summary was conducted that included study design, methodology, risk factors, and other study variables.Results: A higher proportion of injury was found in economically active age groups of 15-59 years (Range 56.4 %–80%) across all studies. Similarly majority of the articles reported a higher proportion (Mostly 2/3rd) of injuries among male than female patients (range 53.9 %-91.2 %). Eventhough in all studies injuries were a concern for every population, some studies [12, 13, 15, and, 29] showed a higher incidence among farmers, students and house wife that other occupation. Unintentional injuries were the primary cause for the majority of injury-related reports made withthe weighted pool average percentage of 60.7% (range from 44.6 %11 to 98%20). MVIs were the leading cause of injury among lists of unintentional injuries followed by Falls (16%) machine/tools injury (5.9%), burn (5.3%), poisoning (1.0%) and Animal bite (1.3%). Trauma from interpersonalviolence (Homicide) is the leading causes of intentional injury (24.4%) reported followed by disproportionately low incidence of Fire arm(5%) and Self-harm injuries( 2.1%). Nine of the 36 articles reported percentage distribution of Mortality by Mechanism of injury and the rates of deathfrom MVIs and homicide are generally higher with an average weighted pool percentage of 37.5% and 24.1% respectively.Conclusion: The review showed injury as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. Based on the available data, possible strategies relating to trauma prevention are discussed. Because of the uncertainties about the quality and the absence of some data in certain region of Ethiopia, we recommend a need to more accurately define this burden at a national scale.Key words: Trauma, Injury, Accident, Ethiopi

Modeling, and FEA of Multi-Plate Clutches by Varying Materials for Optimum Torque Transfer Capacity of TCT System of Green, And Light Vehicles

This paper addresses Modeling and analysis of easily applicable multi-plate clutches to use in twin clutch transmission (TCT) system for green and Light Weight Vehicle. The static and dynamic analysis were developed for a clutch plate by using finite element analysis (FEA). The 3D solid model was done using SOLID WORK 2016 and imported to ANSYS work bench 16 for model analysis. The mathematical modelling was also done using different vastly available materials (i.e. Aluminum alloy 6061, E-Glass Epoxy, and Gray Cast iron); then, by observing the results, comparison was carryout for materials to validate better lining material for multi plate clutches using ANSYS workbench 16 and finally concluded that composite material E-Glass Epoxy has a better friction material for design of multi-plate clutches in TCT system

Abdominal Surgical Emergencies at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Ethiopia; A Shifting Paradigm

Background: Developing nations in Africa may be experiencing changing demographics for abdominal surgical emergencies. In the past, intestinal obstruction has been the major diagnosis, but this may be changing.123 This study analyzed the causes and outcomes for abdominal surgicalemergencies (ASE) in Tikur Anbessa Specialty Hospital (TASH) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: TASH is a tertiary medical center and teaching hospital. This is retrospective study included patients treated for ASE from July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2012. Information was collected in de-identified manner for analysis from the operating room logbook and from chart review. We analyzed demographics, clinical presentation and outcomes of emergency surgery in these patents using SAS 9.2 software. Univariant analysis was performed. P value < 0.05 was considered significant.Results: A total of 530 patients presented with ASE, representing 18.6% of all surgical emergencies. Of these, 328 charts were available for review. 237 (72.3%) were males and the mean age was 36 years. Appendicitis (simple and complicated combined) were the most common cause of ASE accounting for 92 (28.0%). Bowel obstruction and penetrating trauma were present in 17% and 13% of the time respectively. The Overall Morbidity and mortality rates were 30% and 18% respectively. Wound infection andPneumonia were the two most common post operative complications  accounting for 25% and 12% respectively. A total of 61 patients (18.6%) died following ASE. Septic complications accounted for over 50% of the death. Mortality was significantly higher in patients with age >60 years (p<0.0001) and in those who developed post operative complications. (p< 0.0001)Conclusion: The causes for ASE at TASH in Ethiopia have changed with appendicitis being the most common. This study shows a higher morbidity and mortality rates when compared to previous reports. Further study is required to understand better specific interventions needed to reduce thishigh mortality due to sepsis

Pattern of Injury and Associated Variables as Seen in the Emergency Department at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background: Traumatic injuries represent a significant and growing disease burden in the developing world, and now represent one of the leading causes of death in economically active adults in many low- and middle-income countries. This study was aimed at determining the patternof injuries and variables associated among patients visiting Emergency Department (ED) due to injury at Black Lion Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: This was a prospective cross sectional hospital based study done with a systematic random sampling method. The study was done in Tikur Anbessa specialized referral hospital. The study was conducted in between February 1 to April 30, 2013. Results: A total of 3287 new patients were seen in the ED, of whom 989 (32.5%) reported to be injury victims, of them 321 patients were included in the study. The M: F ratio is3.58:1.  More than 41% of patients were aged between 20 and 29.The most  frequent cause of injury was Road Traffic Accident (RTAs), 123(38.3%), followed by stuck/hit by a person or object, 101(31.5%), and fall accident 68(21.2%).Further analysis showed that the odds of injury of assault to be increased for males (P= 0.037, AOR, 2.528, 95%CI (1.058-6.037),  patients with monthly income < 650 Ethiopian birr{(P= 0.002, AOR 2.91, 95% CI (1.493-5.705)},and age< 40 years old is significantly associated with injury of assault {(P= 0.004, AOR 3.27, 95%CI(1.451-7.375)}. Injury of assault is 61% less likely to be occurred in rural areas than the urban dwellers {(P= 0.002, AOR 0.39%CI (.219-.707)}.Conclusion: Appropriate interventions to reduce the occurrences of injuries should be instituted by the local authorities and other responsible body. There is also a need to educate the community members particularly risk groups on how to prevent injuries. Key Words: Injury, Variables associated with injury, Emergency departmen

The Gap between Surgical Resident and Faculty Surgeons Concerning Operating Theatre Teaching: Report from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background: In a continent like Africa where the number of surgeons is alarmingly few, training of a large number of residents is the way forward. However, sudden expansion in the number of trainees in an existing teaching environment may bring the quality of the most fundamentaleducation i.e. operation room teaching into question.Method: We wanted to investigate the different perceptions of our surgeons-under-training and faculty concerning preoperative preparation, intra operative teaching and postoperative feedback. A validated questionnaire was administered to our surgical residents and faculty at the Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery. Results were analyzed with 2-sample t tests, comparing Likert scores. Findings were significant if the p value was < 0.05.Results: Forty residents (15 second year, 15 third years and 10 final years) and 30 faculty members completed the survey. With respect to preoperative preparation, faculty were significantly more likely to claim that residents’ preparation in terms of reading is low (3.77 vs 2.45; p=0.001) and anatomy review (3.73 vs 2.34; p=0.001) before the procedure. There was a very significant difference with regards to intra-operative teaching activities, i.e teaching of the operative steps (2.60 vs 3.79; p=0.048), instrument handling (2.30 vs 3.72; p=0.002), and surgical technique (2.23vs 3.83; p= 0.001). Residents’ perception of the effort of the faculty to act as a teacher in the operating room was significantly lower compared to the faculty (2.13 vs 3.94; p=0.002). Postoperatively, significant differences were found in perceptions of positive feedback (2.48 vs 3.86; p=0.01) and feedback on areas to improve (1.85 vs 3.34; p=0.001).Conclusion: There is a universal agreement on the need to improve the current residency training. However, the difference between resident and faculty in the teaching-learning process is alarmingly significant. As there is no substitute for the intra-operative training of residents, every effort must be made to not to trade off number of graduates with quality and  competence of surgeons-under-training.  Keywords: Resident, Surgeons, Operating, Theatre, Teachin

A Matlab/Simulink Model of Self Excited Induction Generator for an Electrical Brake Application

This paper presents a MATLAB/Simulink dynamic model of an induction generator, which makes simulation studies possible for the design of fuzzy logic controllers for the purpose of controlling the retarding torque output of the generator in an electrical brake application, using the fuzzy logic toolbox of MATLAB. Electrical braking has been proposed in the literature as an alternative to the mechanical braking systems with an advantage of providing lower maintenance costs. An induction generator, acting as a brake, converts the kinetic energy of a vehicle to electrical energy, which can be dissipated in a resistor bank or used in a regenerative mode.The Simulink model developed will be used to design and test controllers for an effective control of the output torque of the electrical brake system

A review of the current status of G6PD deficiency testing to guide radical cure treatment for vivax malaria

Plasmodium vivax malaria continues to cause a significant burden of disease in the Asia-Pacific, the Horn of Africa, and the Americas. In addition to schizontocidal treatment, the 8-aminoquinoline drugs are crucial for the complete removal of the parasite from the human host (radical cure). While well tolerated in most recipients, 8-aminoquinolines can cause severe haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient patients. G6PD deficiency is one of the most common enzymopathies worldwide; therefore, the WHO recommends routine testing to guide 8-aminoquinoline based treatment for vivax malaria whenever possible. In practice, this is not yet implemented in most malaria endemic countries. This review provides an update of the characteristics of the most used G6PD diagnostics. We describe the current state of policy and implementation of routine point-of-care G6PD testing in malaria endemic countries and highlight key knowledge gaps that hinder broader implementation. Identified challenges include optimal training of health facility staff on point-of-care diagnostics, quality control of novel G6PD diagnostics, and culturally appropriate information and communication with affected communities around G6PD deficiency and implications for treatment

Can partial reduction of shoot biomass during early vegetative phase of chickpea save subsoil water for reproductive and pod filling?

The present study investigated if partial reduction of shoot dry matter during early vegetative growth phase of chickpea crop (cv. PBA Seamer) saves sub-soil water for reproductive growth and grain filling of the crop grown at 9 diverse environments. The environments were created by a combination of 3 sites (Emerald, Hermitage and Kingaroy), 3 planting windows (environments 1, 2, 3 at each site) with and without supplementary irrigation. The effects of environments on canopy management (partial reduction in shoot dry matter vs control) and irrigation treatments on the water uptake by roots, crop growth and yield performance and yield components were investigated. Crops in the planting windows (EN 1, 2, 3) experienced variable environments at each site. Days to 50% flowering and crop maturity reduced progressively from EN 1 to EN 3 at the three sites. The environment had significant effect on shoot biomass, yield and HI at the three sites (P  0.5 in EN 2 at Emerald. There was a trend for an increase in HI from EN 1 to EN 3 at all sites. The response to Irr, computed as the difference in peak shoot biomass and yield between the Irr and RF treatments, was the highest at Hermitage and the least at Emerald site. Vapour pressure deficit during reproductive phase accounted for the majority of variation in shoot biomass response to irrigation (r2 =0.66, P < 0.001) for total dry matter and (r2 =0.46, P < 0.01) for yield. The environments had a significant effect on radiation use efficiency and water use efficiency and the yield components including hundred seed weight