79 research outputs found
Local Differential Privacy for Federated Learning
Advanced adversarial attacks such as membership inference and model
memorization can make federated learning (FL) vulnerable and potentially leak
sensitive private data. Local differentially private (LDP) approaches are
gaining more popularity due to stronger privacy notions and native support for
data distribution compared to other differentially private (DP) solutions.
However, DP approaches assume that the FL server (that aggregates the models)
is honest (run the FL protocol honestly) or semi-honest (run the FL protocol
honestly while also trying to learn as much information as possible). These
assumptions make such approaches unrealistic and unreliable for real-world
settings. Besides, in real-world industrial environments (e.g., healthcare),
the distributed entities (e.g., hospitals) are already composed of locally
running machine learning models (this setting is also referred to as the
cross-silo setting). Existing approaches do not provide a scalable mechanism
for privacy-preserving FL to be utilized under such settings, potentially with
untrusted parties. This paper proposes a new local differentially private FL
(named LDPFL) protocol for industrial settings. LDPFL can run in industrial
settings with untrusted entities while enforcing stronger privacy guarantees
than existing approaches. LDPFL shows high FL model performance (up to 98%)
under small privacy budgets (e.g., epsilon = 0.5) in comparison to existing
methods.Comment: 17 page
Structural Basis of Teneurin-Latrophilin Interaction in Repulsive Guidance of Migrating Neurons
Teneurins are ancient metazoan cell adhesion receptors that control brain development and neuronal wiring in higher animals. The extracellular C terminus binds the adhesion GPCR Latrophilin, forming a trans-cellular complex with synaptogenic functions. However, Teneurins, Latrophilins, and FLRT proteins are also expressed during murine cortical cell migration at earlier developmental stages. Here, we present crystal structures of Teneurin-Latrophilin complexes that reveal how the lectin and olfactomedin domains of Latrophilin bind across a spiraling beta-barrel domain of Teneurin, the YD shell. We couple structure-based protein engineering to biophysical analysis, cell migration assays, and in utero electroporation experiments to probe the importance of the interaction in cortical neuron migration. We show that binding of Latrophilins to Teneurins and FLRTs directs the migration of neurons using a contact repulsion-dependent mechanism. The effect is observed with cell bodies and small neurites rather than their processes. The results exemplify how a structure-encoded synaptogenic protein complex is also used for repulsive cell guidance
OptimShare: A Unified Framework for Privacy Preserving Data Sharing -- Towards the Practical Utility of Data with Privacy
Tabular data sharing serves as a common method for data exchange. However,
sharing sensitive information without adequate privacy protection can
compromise individual privacy. Thus, ensuring privacy-preserving data sharing
is crucial. Differential privacy (DP) is regarded as the gold standard in data
privacy. Despite this, current DP methods tend to generate privacy-preserving
tabular datasets that often suffer from limited practical utility due to heavy
perturbation and disregard for the tables' utility dynamics. Besides, there has
not been much research on selective attribute release, particularly in the
context of controlled partially perturbed data sharing. This has significant
implications for scenarios such as cross-agency data sharing in real-world
situations. We introduce OptimShare: a utility-focused, multi-criteria solution
designed to perturb input datasets selectively optimized for specific
real-world applications. OptimShare combines the principles of differential
privacy, fuzzy logic, and probability theory to establish an integrated tool
for privacy-preserving data sharing. Empirical assessments confirm that
OptimShare successfully strikes a balance between better data utility and
robust privacy, effectively serving various real-world problem scenarios
Agriculture 4.0 and beyond: Evaluating cyber threat intelligence sources and techniques in smart farming ecosystems
The digitisation of agriculture, integral to Agriculture 4.0, has brought significant benefits while simultaneously escalating cybersecurity risks. With the rapid adoption of smart farming technologies and infrastructure, the agricultural sector has become an attractive target for cyberattacks. This paper presents a systematic literature review that assesses the applicability of existing cyber threat intelligence (CTI) techniques within smart farming infrastructures (SFIs). We develop a comprehensive taxonomy of CTI techniques and sources, specifically tailored to the SFI context, addressing the unique cyber threat challenges in this domain. A crucial finding of our review is the identified need for a virtual Chief Information Security Officer (vCISO) in smart agriculture. While the concept of a vCISO is not yet established in the agricultural sector, our study highlights its potential significance. The implementation of a vCISO could play a pivotal role in enhancing cybersecurity measures by offering strategic guidance, developing robust security protocols, and facilitating real-time threat analysis and response strategies. This approach is critical for safeguarding the food supply chain against the evolving landscape of cyber threats. Our research underscores the importance of integrating a vCISO framework into smart farming practices as a vital step towards strengthening cybersecurity. This is essential for protecting the agriculture sector in the era of digital transformation, ensuring the resilience and sustainability of the food supply chain against emerging cyber risks
Evaluation of the effects of the low-level laser therapy on swelling, pain, and trismus after removal of impacted lower third molar
Cost Analysis of Emergency Department Visits by Geriatric Patients Living in Nursing Homes.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost analysis of emergency department (ED) visits by geriatric patients living in nursing homes. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODOLOGY: Medical records of geriatric patients living in nursing homes who were admitted to the emergency department of the Hospital, between 2011 and 2015, were retrospectively reviewed. Number of visits, reason, and cost of treatment was determined. RESULTS: In total 63 patients (21 females [33.3%], 42 males [66.6%]) with mean age of 76.3 ± 8.16 years were included. The total number of emergency department visits by those 63 patients was 243. Twenty-three (9.5%) of the total emergency department visits were due to trauma. Six patients (9.5%) were admitted to the emergency department with cardiopulmonary arrest. The mean cost of each patient was 10,095.10, and the minimum cost was $7.42. CONCLUSION: Emergency department visits and hospitalisation are common among elderly patients living in nursing homes. However, emergency department visits by this frail population put a heavy burden on the economy. Essential measures should be taken to reduce the financial burden of emergency department visits and hospitalisation of this geriatric population
Cost analysis of emergency department visits by geriatric patients living in nursing homes
Objective: To determine the cost analysis of emergency department (ED) visits by geriatric patients living in nursing homes. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: Medical records of geriatric patients living in nursing homes who were admitted to the emergency department of the Hospital, between 2011 and 2015, were retrospectively reviewed. Number of visits, reason, and cost of treatment was determined. Results: In total 63 patients (21 females [33.3%], 42 males [66.6%]) with mean age of 76.3 ±8.16 years were included. The total number of emergency department visits by those 63 patients was 243. Twenty-three (9.5%) of the total emergency department visits were due to trauma. Six patients (9.5%) were admitted to the emergency department with cardiopulmonary arrest. The mean cost of each patient was 10,095.10, and the minimum cost was w7.42. Conclusion: Emergency department visits and hospitalisation are common among elderly patients living in nursing homes. However, emergency department visits by this frail population put a heavy burden on the economy. Essential measures should be taken to reduce the financial burden of emergency department visits and hospitalisation of this geriatric population. © 2019 Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. All rights reserved
Cost analysis of emergency department visits by geriatric patients living in nursing homes
Objective: To determine the cost analysis of emergency department (ED) visits by geriatric patients living in nursing homes. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: Medical records of geriatric patients living in nursing homes who were admitted to the emergency department of the Hospital, between 2011 and 2015, were retrospectively reviewed. Number of visits, reason, and cost of treatment was determined. Results: In total 63 patients (21 females [33.3%], 42 males [66.6%]) with mean age of 76.3 ±8.16 years were included. The total number of emergency department visits by those 63 patients was 243. Twenty-three (9.5%) of the total emergency department visits were due to trauma. Six patients (9.5%) were admitted to the emergency department with cardiopulmonary arrest. The mean cost of each patient was 10,095.10, and the minimum cost was w7.42. Conclusion: Emergency department visits and hospitalisation are common among elderly patients living in nursing homes. However, emergency department visits by this frail population put a heavy burden on the economy. Essential measures should be taken to reduce the financial burden of emergency department visits and hospitalisation of this geriatric population. © 2019 Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. All rights reserved
Novel nonorthogonal multi-access method for multi-user MIMO with antenna number modulation
Multiple Input Multiple Output with Antenna Number Modulation and Adaptive Antenna Selection (MIMO-ANM-AAS) has recently been proposed as an effective transmission method that can make the selection of antennas to be both data and channel dependent simultaneously, which can result in having a much more improved performance in terms of reliability compared to index/spatial modulation-based schemes. However, one of the main undesirable features of MIMO-ANM-AAS, which is also the case with spatial modulation, is the fact that not all the available antennas are utilized for data transmission as some of these antennas are made inactive. To overcome this problem and utilize all available antennas, Multi-User MIMO-ANM-AAS is proposed in this paper as a novel non-orthogonal multi-access data transmission method that targets serving multiple users by dedicating the antennas used for implementing ANM to serve a far user, whereas the remaining antennas are used to send data for a near user. The fundamental idea behind the proposed scheme is to serve a far user, who is located in a distant location from the transmitter, by the antennas that are defined and utilized by the ANM modulation, while the remaining antennas are deployed to transmit a lower power data stream that is intended to be sent to a near user, who is located in a close proximity from the transmitter. By implementing this method, the near user can simply be served by allocating low transmission power to the antennas that are not used by ANM, whereas the far user is served by the antennas involved in the ANM modulation. By using such a transmission scheme, two users can be served simultaneously by a single MIMO-ANM architecture, and the obtained system reliability of the transmitted data stream for far user can be enhanced, while the capabilities of the antennas not used by ANM are not wasted, but instead utilized to serve an additional user, thus resulting in improving the overall spectral efficiency of the system. In this paper, the concepts of MU-MIMO-ANM-AAS are established on the basis of conventional MIMO using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) symbol modulation over a Rayleigh fading channel. The validity of the system is proven by exhibiting both theoretical analysis and computer simulations' results. Considering the acquired results, it can be said that the proposed MU-MIMO-ANM-AAS is an effective scheme that can satisfy the requirements of multi-user cases for future wireless systems demanding higher reliability and, better spectral efficiency.This research was partly funded by TUBITAK under Grant/Award Number 119E392
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