A Study of Domestic Violence against Women: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis

Background: Domestic violence is the most popular form of violence against women. Phenomenon of In the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women-1993 (DEVAW), was introduced as a barrier for reaching equality, development and peace. The objective of this research was to study individuals’ lived experiences, especially the experiences of women exposed to violence in Iran.Methods: This research is a descriptive research which employs a systemic review. The statistical population consists of all the qualitative studies conducted in Iran to consider the physical violence against women. To collect the data, Persian keywords for violence against women, domestic violence, wife abuse, violence against spouse and spouses who were beaten were searched in the Iranian online databases including SID, Irandocs, Iranmedex, Iranpsych, and Magiran. As the result of this search, 27 qualitative studies were selected which were exactly dedicated to the domestic violence from the viewpoints of men, women and experts. Then, the repetitions and the studies which were conducted before 2001 were excluded. After close reading of all the researches 10 of them were eventually selected.Results: The most reported items after studying the individuals’ lived experiences of physical violence against women in Iran included patriarchy, drug abuse, inappropriate sociability, lack of men’s mental stability, deficiency in communicative skills between the couples and ignorance of each other’s mental and sexual needs. The most reported strategies also encompass inactive and inefficient approaches such as keeping quiet but preoccupied with the problem, filing complaints, not being on speaking terms for a long while, revenge and deprivation of intercourse.Conclusion: This social issue should be also studied like all other social issues as a multi-dimensional phenomenon in the social context

Determining biokinetic coefficients for the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating sugarcane wastewater in hot climate conditions

Acknowledgements The managing director of Imam Khomeini (pbuh) Agro-Industry in Shushtar and the laboratory expert of Agro-Industry Treatment Plant are highly appreciated for their cooperation in conducting this study.Peer reviewedPostprin

Performance evaluation of several sequencing batch biofilm reactors with movable bed in treatment of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate in urban wastewater

Detergents are one of the major environmental pollutants whose consumption will increase by increasing the level of health of countries, which can cause many problems if they are not unfiltered and exposed to the environment. After soap, linear benzene sulfonate is the most common household detergent and it is used in more than 100 countries around the world as a raw material for the production of surfactants such as washing powders, dishwashing liquids and other detergents. Among the various methods of treatment, biological processes are the most promising ones. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of a moving bed sequencing continuous-inflow reactor (MSCR) for linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) removal from municipal wastewater at different operating conditions. In this research study, a Plexiglass pilot with dimensions of 54\u2009 7\u200925\u2009 7\u200925 cm, and total volume of about 35 L and used volume of 30 L was used. The reactor contained 70% of K3 (Kaldnes) media, and the remaining 30% was considered as the functional volume. Results showed that the MSCR has a high capability in the treatment of municipal wastewater polluted by LAS and a good flexibility to input variation of both LAS and organic load. The maximum removal efficiency obtained at hydraulic retention time of 2.5 h, with input organic load of 300 mg/L and input LAS of 15 mg/L, was 96.4%. The maximum efficiencies obtained at hydraulic retention time of 2.5 h, with input organic load of 500 mg/L and input LAS of 15 mg/L and 25 mg/L, were 88.7%, and 92.2%, respectively

Effect of drought and salinity stresses on morphological and physiological characteristics of canola

Environmental stresses such as salinity and drought are the most important factors yield reduction and crops productivity. In order to investigate the effects of drought and salinity stresses on morphological and physiological characteristics of canola an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at greenhouse of Agriculture Research Center and Natural Resources of East Azarbaijan in 2014. Main plots were including drought stress at four levels (0, -4, -8 and -12 bar polyethylene glycol solution) and sub plots including salinity stress at four levels of sodium chloride (0, 75, 150 and 225 mM). The results analysis of variance indicated that the interaction of drought and salinity stresses was significant on leaf area and relative water content of leaf. The most leaf area (383.03 cm-2) was obtained at non-stress treatments. The results showed that drought stress conditions led to significant reduction of relative water content in leaf. The highest proline (0.08 \ub5m/g fresh weight) and soluble sugars (0.12 mg/g fresh weight) content was observed at treatments of -12 bar polyethylene glycol. Also the least proline (0.04 \ub5m/g fresh weight) and soluble sugars (0.06 mg/g fresh weight) content was achieved at treatments of drought non-stress