Türkiye’de Buğday Üretiminde Enerji Bilançosunun Belirlenmesi: Aksaray İli Eskil İlçesi Örneği

This study aims to make an energy balance of wheat production in Eskil district of Aksaray province in Turkey. In order to determine the energy balance of wheat, surveys have been conducted in 151 wheat farms, located around 12 villages of Eskil district and selected through simple random sampling method. During the production season in 2013, the energy input-output ratio of the 151 wheat farms have been determined through observations and faceto-face questionnaires. Regarding wheat production, energy input has been calculated as 25876.29 MJ ha-1 , while energy output has been calculated as 76990.96 MJ ha-1 , and energy output / input ratio has been defined as 2.97. The composition of energy inputs is 43.84% chemical fertilizers energy, 15.06% wheat seed energy, 13.93% water of irrigation, 13.07% diesel fuel energy, 11.10% electricity energy, 1.39% machinery energy, 0.92% transportation energy, 0.48% chemical energy and 0.20% human labour energy. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy in wheat production have been calculated as 2.97; 0.20 kg MJ-1 ; 4.94 MJ kg-1 and 51114.67 MJ ha-1 , respectively.Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin Aksaray ilinin Eskil ilçesinde buğday üretiminde enerji bilançosunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Buğdayın enerji bilançosunu belirlemek için, basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi vasıtasıyla seçilmiş ve Eskil ilçesinin 12 köyündeki 151 işletme ile çalışılmıştır. 2013 üretim sezonu boyunca 151 buğday işletmesi ile yüz yüze anket ve gözlem yapılarak enerji girdi-çıktı oranı belirlenmiştir. Buğday üretiminde enerji girdisi 25876.29 MJ ha-1 , enerji çıktısı 76990.96 MJ ha-1 olarak hesaplanmış ve enerji çıktı / girdi oranı 2.97 olarak belirlenmiştir. Enerji girdilerinin %43.84’ü kimyasal gübre enerjisi, %15.06’sı buğday tohumu enerjisi, %13.93’ü sulama enerjisi, %13.07’si yakıt enerjisi, %11.10’u elektrik enerjisi, %1.39’u makine enerjisi, %0.92’si taşıma enerjisi, %0.48’i kimyasal enerji ve %0.20’si insan işgücü enerjisinden oluşmaktadır. Buğday üretiminde enerji kullanım etkinliği, enerji verimliliği, spesifik enerji ve net enerji sırasıyla 2.97; 0.20 kg MJ-1 ; 4.94 MJ kg-1 and 51114.67 MJ ha-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır

Performance and meat quality characteristics of male quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed diets supplemented with pomegranate seed oil

Pomegranate seed oil (PSO) is a nutritive, antioxidant-rich by-product, and it has been tested as a feed ingredient for livestock. However, studies on quails are scarce. The current study investigated that the effect of PSO on the performance and meat instrumental quality of quails. Area of study: Türkiye. Material and methods: A total of 60 seventy-day-old male quails were equally subjected to 3 dietary treatments con-sisting of 20 birds (5 replicates with 4 birds each). The quails were fed a diet supplemented with 0, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 pomegranate seed oil (PSO). After 10 weeks, two birds per subgroup were randomly selected and slaughtered. Main results: Supplementation of PSO reduced (p<0.05) feed intake and body weight gain linearly. However, there was no significant effect of PSO on carcass traits. For color parameters, the L* and b* values of breast and thigh meat increased with the addition of PSO to the diet (p<0.05). Cooking losses were highest in the thigh of quails fed 200 mg kg-1 PSO. On the other hand, in the breast, the lowest values for this parameter were observed in the groups that had received 100 mg kg-1 of PSO. Research highlights: Including 100 mg kg-1 of PSO can improve some meat quality characteristics without affecting performance parameters. There is a possibility that meat quality could be negatively affected by values higher than this. Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine the optimal dose of PSO to improve quail meat quality and its performance

The use of purple carrot powder in the diet of laying quails improved some egg quality characteristics, including antioxidant capacity

The goal of the current experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary concentrations of purple carrot powder (PCP) on performance, egg production, egg quality, and the antioxidant capacity of the yolk in laying quails. A total of one hundred and fifty 22-week-old Japanese laying quails were allotted to 5 dietary treatments each with 6 replicates of 5 quails. Quails were allocated to five dietary treatments (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%) with PCP addition at an increasing level from 0 to 4000 mg/kg diet respectively, which were fed ad-libitum throughout the duration of the experiment. No differences were detected between dietary treatments for any of the performance parameters or egg production. Eggshell weight and eggshell thickness (P < 0.05) were linearly affected by PCP dietary, reaching maximum levels at 0.4% of PCP supplementation, while the percentage of damaged egg and egg-breaking strength remained similar for all experimental groups (P < 0.05). Quails receiving PCP diets showed a yellowness (b*) (P < 0.05) egg yolk color than those fed the control diet, without affecting the rest of the color parameters and egg internal quality. Increasing PCP levels in diets reduced linearly yolk TBARS (P < 0.01) and increased linearly DPPH (P < 0.01). The addition of PCP, a safe and readily available agricultural by-product, as a component of the diet of laying quail was effective without adversely affecting quail production. Moreover, the inclusion of PCP in the diet might benefit laying quails’ eggs by improving some quality traits and enhancing the yolk’s antioxidant capacity, which could improve their shelf-life and acceptability

Koçansız Şeker Mısırı Silajlarının Kalitesine Sodyum Format Katkısının Etkisi

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different levels of organic acid-based sodium formate (SF) addition on nutrient contents, fermentation quality, dry matter intake, digestible dry matter, and relative feed value of no-cob sweet corn silages. In the experiment, groups were formed by adding 0 % SF (control group), 1 % SF and 2 % SF to no-cob corn, and the fermentation period continued for 60 days. At the end of the study, it was determined that SF supplement decreased the dry matter, crude protein, crude oil, ADF, NDF, starch, ME, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and ethanol contents of corn silages, whereas it increased lactic acid, crude ash, and starch levels. In addition, it was found that the pH values of the experiment silages were statistically decreased with the addition of 1 % SF; dry matter intake, digestible dry matter, and relative feed values were found to increase. At the end of the study, it was concluded that 1 % SF addition could be used because of its positive effect on the fermentation properties and dry matter intake, digestible dry matter, and relative feed values as well as pH lowering and lactic acid-increasing effect of no-cob corn silages.Bu çalışma, farklı düzeylerde organik asit temeline dayalı sodyum format (SF) ilavesinin koçansız şeker mısır silajlarının ham besin madde içerikleri, fermentasyon kalitesi, kuru madde tüketimi, sindirilebilir kuru madde ve nispi yem değeri üzerine etkisini tespit etmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, koçansız mısır hasıllarına %0 SF (kontrol grubu); %1 SF ve %2 SF ilave edilerek gruplar oluşturulmuş ve 60 gün fermentasyona bırakılmıştır. Araştırma sonunda, SF katkısının mısır silajlarının kuru madde, ham protein, ham yağ, ADF, NDF, nişasta, ME, asetik asit, propiyonik asit, bütirik asit ve etanol içeriklerini azalttığı, buna karşılık laktik asit, ham kül ve nişasta düzeylerini artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca araştırma silajlarının pH değerlerinin, %1 SF ilavesiyle istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde azaldığı belirlenirken; kuru madde tüketimi, sindirilebilir kuru madde ve nispi yem değerlerinin ise arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonunda, %1 SF ilavesinin koçansız mısır silajlarının pH’sını düşürücü ve laktik asit artırıcı etkisinin yanı sıra kuru madde tüketimi, sindirilebilir kuru madde ve nispi yem değerleri üzerine pozitif etkisi nedeniyle kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır

Reuse of vegetable wastes in animal feed: the influence of red beet powder supplementation on performance, egg quality, and antioxidant capacity of layer quails

The survey was carried out to establish the impact of red beet powder (RBP) on performance parameters and egg quality in laying quails. One twenty hundred (120) female laying quails aged 22 weeks were randomly assigned into five groups of 4 females each, and six replicates. Treatments diets were formed by adding 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% RBP to the basal diet. The dietary inclusion of RBP did not affect performance parameters and egg production (P > 0.05) except feed conversion ratio, which was quadratically affected (P 0.05). However, the yolk index showed the highest value (P < 0.05) in quails fed 0.2% RBP. Free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) of the yolk decreased (P < 0.05) when RBP levels increased above 0.6%. In contrast, the 0.6% RBP group had the highest level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Data from the present study provide valuable information to include RBP as an ingredient without affecting performance and egg production. It is an interesting option within the framework of the circular economy and of reusing vegetable products to use this ingredient in animal feed

The use of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) in poultry nutrition

Sevim, Behlül ( Aksaray, Yazar )Kanatlı hayvan yemlerinde soya küspesi ve balık unu gibi protein kaynağı olarak kullanılan yem bileşenlerinin, piyasa fiyatlarındaki dengesizlik ve yukarı yönlü artış sonucunda daha ucuz alternatif kaynaklara duyulan ihtiyaç artmıştır. Bu alternatif yem kaynaklarından birisi olan Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) bitkisi, biyoyakıt kaynağı olarak son yıllarda popülaritesini arttıran, protein içeriği oldukça yüksek olan sütleğen (Euphorbiaceae) familyasına ait bir bitkidir. Bu derlemede Jatropha (J. curcas) bitkisinin besin madde içeriği ile kanatlı hayvan beslemede kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştırAs a result of the imbalance and upward increase in market prices of feed ingredients used as protein sources such as soybean meal and fish meal in poultry feeds, the need for cheaper alternative sources has increased. Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), one of these alternative feed sources, is a plant of Euphorbiaceae family which has increased its popularity in recent years as a biofuel source. In this review, nutrient content of Jatropha (J. curcas) plant and its usability in poultry feeds were investigated

Etlik Piliçlerde Karma Yeme Farklı Esansiyel Yağlar ve Karışımlarının İlavesinin Performans ve Karkas Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışma, etlik piliçlerde kekik (Thymus vulgaris L.), biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) ve karabaş otu (Lavandula stoechas L.) esansiyel yağları ve bunların karışımlarının canlı ağırlık, canlı ağırlık artışı, yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranı ve karkas özellikleri üzerine etkisini tespit etmek için yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, günlük yaşta toplam 640 adet etlik civciv (Ross 308) kullanılmış ve 5 tekerrürlü olacak şekilde 8 muamele grubuna tesadüfü olarak yerleştirilmiştir. Her bir muamele grubunda 80 adet civciv bulunmaktadır. Deneme rasyonları sırasıyla kontrol (0 mg/kg), ilave kekik esansiyel yağı (50 mg/kg), biberiye esansiyel yağı (50 mg/kg), karabaş otu esansiyel yağı (50 mg/kg), kekik + biberiye (25+25 mg/kg), kekik + karabaş otu (25+25 mg/kg), biberiye + karabaş otu (25+25 mg/kg) ve kekik+biberiye+karabaş otu (16,7 + 16,7 + 16,7 mg/kg) oluşmaktadır. Yem ve su ad libitum olarak sağlanmıştır. Çalışma 6 hafta sürmüştür. Performans parametreleri haftalık olarak belirlenmiştir. Denemenin 42. gününde hayvanlar kesilerek karkas özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, rasyon farklı esansiyel yağ ve bunların karışımlarının etlik piliçlerde canlı ağırlık, canlı ağırlık artışı, yem tüketimi, yem değerlendirme oranı ve karkas özellikleri üzerine etkisi önemli olmamıştır

Effects of sodium butyrate addition to laying hens diets on performance, egg quality and some blood parameters

*Sevim, Behlül ( Aksaray, Yazar )Bu çalışma yumurtacı tavuk rasyonlarına farklı seviyelerde kaplamalı sodyum bütirat ilavesinin performans, yumurta kalitesi ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, 60 haftalık yaşta, toplam 72 adet yumurta tavuğu, 56 gün süreyle, kontrol ve sodyum bütiratın farklı seviyelerinin ilavesiyle (300, 600 ve 1200 mg/kg) oluşturulan rasyonlarla beslenmişlerdir. Çalışma 6 tekerrürlü olarak, 4 muamele grubunda yürütülmüştür. Deneme sonucunda muamele gruplarının, canlı ağırlık değişimi, yumurta verimi, yem tüketimi, yem değerlendirme katsayısı, yumurta ağırlığı ve yumurta kitlesi üzerine etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Yumurta tavuğu rasyonlarına sodyum bütirat ilavesi, yumurta kabuk kırılma direnci, yumurta kabuk oranı ve kabuk kalınlığı, yumurta şekil indeksi, ak ve sarı indeksi, hasarlı yumurta oranı ile L*, a* ve b* yumurta sarısı renk kriterleri üzerine etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Serum parametrelerinden kolesterol, HDL, albümin, Ca ve P düzeyleri bakımından muamele grupları arasında önemli bir fark olmaz iken serum globulin, total protein ve ürik asit seviyeleri bakımından görülen farklılıklar önemli olmuştur. Deneme sonuçlarına göre, 60 haftalık yaştaki yumurta tavuklarında performans ve yumurta kalitesinin iyileştirilmesinde rasyona sodyum bütiratın ilavesine gerek olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding coated sodium butyrate at various levels to the rations of laying hens on their performance, egg quality, and some blood parameters. In this study, a total of 72 laying hens at the age of 60 weeks were fed for 56 days with the control ration and the rations containing sodium butyrate at various levels (300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg). The study was carried out in 4 treatment groups, each with 6 replicates. As a result of the study, there was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups in terms of live weight change, egg yield, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, and egg mass. The addition of sodium butyrate to the rations of laying hens did not have a statistically significant effect on the egg shell breaking strength, eggshell ratio, shell thickness, egg shape index, albumen-yolk index, damaged egg ratio, and egg yolk colour criteria (L*, a*, and b*). Whereas there was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups in terms of the levels of cholesterol, HDL, albumin, Ca, and P; some statistically significant differences were observed in terms of the levels of serum globulin, total protein, and uric acid. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that there was no need to add sodium butyrate to the ration for improving the performance and egg quality in the laying hens at the age of 60 weeks

Effects of adding spirulina platensis to laying hen rations on performance, egg quality, and some blood parameters

This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding different levels of Spirulina platensis (SP) to laying hen diets on performance, egg quality, egg yolk color and some blood parameters. Sixty 60-week-old Lohmann LSL Classic laying hens were used in the study. The experiment was conducted in 15 subgroups with 4 hens in each cage, with 5 replications in 3 treatment groups. Three different diets were offered to laying hens; one control (based to wheat) and two supplemented with different levels (1 and 2%) of SP. As it was observed, the addition of SP to laying hen diets had no significant effect on live-weight change (LWC), egg yield (EY), egg mass, egg weight (EW), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p>0.05). Concerning the egg quality characteristics that were examined, the effects of SP on shell strength (SS), shell ratio (SR), shell thickness (ST), shape index (SI), albumen index (AI) and serum parameters were not statistically significant (p>0.05); egg yolk color characteristics (Roche Color Scale and L*, a*, b*) were affected by dietary SP supplementation (p<0.01). Addition of different levels of SP (1% and 2%) to laying hen diets caused a significant increase in egg yellow color values compared to the control group. According to the results of the study, the addition of 1% and 2% SP to the laying hen rations had a significant positive effect on egg yolk color, but did not cause a significant change in other parameters

The effect of orange peel oil addition to laying quail diets on performance, eggshell quality and some serum parameters

*Sevim, Behlül ( Aksaray , Yazar )Bu çalışmanın amacı yumurtalayan bıldırcın rasyonlarına farklı düzeylerde (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 ve 400 mg/kg) portakal kabuğu yağı ilavesinin performansa, kabuk kalitesine ve bazı serum parametreleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemektir. Altı haftalık denemede, 20 haftalık yaşta toplam 120 adet dişi Japon bıldırcını her birinde 5 bıldırcın bulunan 4 tekerrürlü 6 deneme grubuna dağıtılmıştır. Rasyona farklı seviyelerde portakal kabuğu yağı ilavesi performans ve kabuk kalınlığı hariç kabuk kalitesi parametrelerini etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Kabuk kalınlığı, rasyona portakal kabuğu yağı ilavesi ile önemli derecede azalmış ve bu azalış 200 mg/kg seviyesi itibariyle daha belirgin olmuştur. Serum glukoz, kreatinin, albümin, globülin, total protein, ALT ve AST konsantrasyonları portakal kabuğu yağından etkilenmemiştir. Serum kolesterol konsantrasyonu rasyona 400 mg/kg portakal kabuğu yağı ilavesi ile önemli derecede azalmıştır. Serum kalsiyum konsantrasyonu kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında rasyona 100 ve 200 mg/kg portakal yağı ilavesi ile önemli derecede artmıştır. Serum fosfor konsantrasyonu ise 100 mg/kg ve üzeri portakal kabuğu yağı ilavesiyle önemli derecede yükselmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre portakal kabuk yağının 400 mg/kg seviyesinde kolesterol azaltıcı ve 100 mg/kg seviyesinde ise mineral metabolizmasını iyileştirici etkisi olduğu ancak bu olumlu etkisinin kabuk kalınlığındaki düşmeyi engelleyemediği söylenebilir.The aim of this study is to determine the effects of adding different levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg) of orange peel oil to the laying quail diets on performance, eggshell quality and some serum parameters. During the experiment, a total of 120 female Japanese quails at the age of 20 weeks were randomly distributed to 6 treatment groups with 4 replicates, each with 5 quail, for six weeks. The supplementation of different levels orange peel oil to the diets did not affect the performance and eggshell quality parameters, except for eggshell thickness. Eggshell thickness was significantly reduced with the addition of orange peel oil to the diet, and this decrease was more pronounced at the level of 200 mg / kg. Serum glucose, creatinine, albumin, globulin, total protein, ALT and AST concentrations were not affected by orange peel oil. Serum cholesterol concentration considerably declined with the supplementation of 400 mg / kg orange peel oil to the diet. Serum calcium level significantly improved with the addition of 100 and 200 mg / kg orange peel oil to the diet compared to the control group. Additionally, serum phosphorus concentration was considerably increased by 100 mg / kg and more levels orange peel oil. According to these results, it is possible to say that the orange essential oil has the effect of reducing cholesterol at 400 mg / kg and improving mineral metabolism at 100 mg / kg, but this positive effect could not prevent the decrease in eggshell thickness