필리핀 교육의 성별 역전 현상: 역사적 동향과 정부 대응 분석

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2022. 8. Oh Yoon Ah.Around the world today, gender equality refers to reducing the inequality gap that has kept females discriminated and disadvantaged over men. However, the Philippines shows a reversed gender gap where girls have been outperforming boys in all education levels. In fact, the education rate of girls has advanced so high that today boys must catch up with the girls. Until recent years, the reverse in gender gap has widened significantly demonstrating the stagnation of boys’ educational attainment in primary, secondary, and tertiary education. This has created a concern for the Philippines in recent years. Since the crossover 50 years ago, the gap has not shown any indication of narrowing down. With lower enrollment rates and higher school dropouts found in boys, boys continue to be challenged to complete their basic education. To present this unique phenomenon seen in the Philippines, this research explored the historical data on gender disparities in education and analyzed the Philippine legislations and policies issued by the Department of Education. The policies were first analyzed to examine how the government has dealt with the situation to reduce the widening gender disparities between boys and girls. This research aimed to examine how the government has responded to such phenomenon. However, upon examining the policies, this study found that there were no cases where the reverse in gender gap was addressed in policies. Rather, the government has shown to have neglected to mandate policies responding to the situation and challenges of boys. Throughout the education related policies issued from 1990 to 2020, no policy or programs have responded to the boy’s underachievement and low participation in education to reduce the widened gender gap reversal.오늘날 남녀의 ‘성 평등’을 위한 노력들은 여성이 남성에 비해 차별받거나 불이익을 받는 것에 대한 격차를 줄이는 것에 초점을 두었 습니다. 이러한 격차를 줄이기 위한 국제사회의 노력은 여성의 교육 접 근성과 교육 참여를 높이는데 집중해왔습니다. 그러나 필리핀은 다른 현 상을 보이고 있습니다. 교육에 있어서 여학생들이 남학생들을 능가하는 역전된 성별 격차를 보여줍니다. 최근까지 성별 격차의 역전 현상이 크 게 확대되어 초, 중, 고등 교육에서 남학생의 학력 정체를 볼 수 있습니 다. 이러한 역전 현상과 남학생들의 낮은 교육률 및 높은 고등학교 중퇴 율은 필리핀 교육 제도에 있어서 큰 악영향으로 보여집니다. 이 연구는 필리핀에서 볼 수 있는 독특한 현상을 분석하기 위해 교육의 성별 격차 에 대한 역사적 데이터를 탐색하고 교육부에서 발표한 필리핀 법률 및 정책을 분석했습니다. 정부가 이러한 성별 격차를 줄이기 위해 어떻게 대처했는지 살펴보기 위해 정책을 먼저 분석했습니다. 본 연구는 이러한 현상에 대해 정부가 어떻게 대응하고 있는지 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하였지만 정책을 검토한 결과, 정책에서 성별 격차의 역전을 다룬 사례는 없었습니다. 오히려 정부는 남학생들이 겪는 문제에 대응하는 정책을 세우는 것을 소홀히 했음을 보여줍니다. 1990년 부터 2020년까지 발표된 교육 관련 정책 전반에 걸쳐 확대된 성별 격차 를 줄이기 위한 정책이나 프로그램은 남학생들의 낮은 교육률에 대응이 없었습니다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Significance and Purpose of Research 2 1.3. Research Topic and Research Design 4 Chapter 2. Gender Gap Reversal in Philippines Education 7 2.1. The Puzzling Phenomenon of Gender Inequality in Education 7 2.2. Basic Education in the Philippines 13 2.3. Gender Equality in the Philippines 15 Chapter 3. Gender Disparity in Education 18 3.1. Gender Based Data in K-12 Education 20 3.2. Gender Based Data in Tertiary Education 23 3.3. School Dropout and Out-of-School Children 27 Chapter 4. Examining Philippine Government Responses to Gender Gap Reversal in Education 32 4.1. Overview of Philippines Education Policies 1970-2020 33 4.2. Absence of Responses at the Policy Level 38 4.3. Absence of Responses at the Program Level: Dropouts and Out-of- School Children 59 Chapter 5. Conclusion 68 Bibliography 75 Appendix 81 Abstract in Korean 94석

Clock Light Design Based on Sunrise and Sunset Time

We intend to develop a clock with a natural human perception of time, instead of a numerical one. Our representation of time was inspired by the difference in light during sunrise and sunset depending on the season or place and its annual recurrence. The events of sunrise, midday, and sunset, which consist our time series, was appointed a specific color based on the theory associated with color temperature, and connected with gradation. To be able to show the time information with light, we created a physical form. This clock light functions as an indirect light source and gives emotional value to time

Validation of Customized Cancer Panel for Detecting Somatic Mutations and Copy Number Alterations

Accurate detection of genomic alterations, especially druggable hotspot mutations in tumors, has become an essential part of precision medicine. With targeted sequencing, we can obtain deeper coverage of reads and handle data more easily with a relatively lower cost and less time than whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing. Recently, we designed a customized gene panel for targeted sequencing of major solid cancers. In this study, we aimed to validate its performance. The cancer panel targets 95 cancer-related genes. In terms of the limit of detection, more than 86% of target mutations with a mutant allele frequency (MAF) 3% MAF can be detected. When we applied this system for the analysis of Acrometrix Oncology Hotspot Control DNA, which contains more than 500 COSMIC mutations across 53 genes, 99% of the expected mutations were robustly detected. We also confirmed the high reproducibility of the detection of mutations in multiple independent analyses. When we explored copy number alterations (CNAs), the expected CNAs were successfully detected, and this result was confirmed by target-specific genomic quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Taken together, these results support the reliability and accuracy of our cancer panel in detecting mutations. This panel could be useful for key mutation profiling research in solid tumors and clinical translation

Autism-like behavior caused by deletion of vaccinia-related kinase 3 is improved by TrkB stimulation

Vaccinia-related kinases (VRKs) are multifaceted serine/threonine kinases that play essential roles in various aspects of cell signaling, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and neuronal development and differentiation. However, the neuronal function of VRK3 is still unknown despite its etiological potential in human autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we report that VRK3-deficient mice exhibit typical symptoms of autism-like behavior, including hyperactivity, stereotyped behaviors, reduced social interaction, and impaired context-dependent spatial memory. A significant decrease in dendritic spine number and arborization were identified in the hippocampus CA1 of VRK3-deficient mice. These mice also exhibited a reduced rectification of AMPA receptor-mediated current and changes in expression of synaptic and signaling proteins, including tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), Arc, and CaMKII alpha. Notably, TrkB stimulation with 7,8-dihydroxyflavone reversed the altered synaptic structure and function and successfully restored autism-like behavior in VRK3-deficient mice. These results reveal that VRK3 plays a critical role in neurodevelopmental disorders and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for ASD.112Ysciescopu

Increased Antiangiogenic Effect by Blocking CCL2-dependent Macrophages in a Rodent Glioblastoma Model: Correlation Study with Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion MRI

When glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, it commonly exhibits tumor progression due to the development of resistance, which results in a dismal survival rate. GBM tumors contain a large number of monocytes/macrophages, which have been shown to be resistant to the effects of bevacizumab. It has been reported that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMS) promote resistance to bevacizumab treatment. Therefore, it is important to target TAMs in the GBM microenvironment. TAMs, which depend on chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) for differentiation and survival, induce the expression of proangiogenic factors such as VEGF. Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MR imaging is an advanced technique that provides information on tumor blood volume and can potentially predict the response to several treatments, including anti-angiogenic agents such as bevacizumab, in human GBM. In this study, we used a CCL2 inhibitor, mNOX-E36, to suppress the recruitment of TAMs in a CCL2-expressing rat GBM model and investigated the effect of combination therapy with bevacizumab using DSC-MR imaging. We demonstrated that the inhibition of CCL2 blocked macrophage recruitment and angiogenesis, which resulted in decreased tumor volume and blood volume in CCL2-expressing GBM in a rat model. Our results provide direct evidence that CCL2 expression can increase the resistance to bevacizumab, which can be assessed noninvasively with the DSC-MR imaging technique. This study shows that the suppression of CCL2 can play an important role in increasing the efficacy of anti-angiogenic treatment in GBM by inhibiting the recruitment of CCL2-dependent macrophages. © The Author(s) 201

Comparative Interactomes of VRK1 and VRK3 with Their Distinct Roles in the Cell Cycle of Liver Cancer

Vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) and VRK3 are members of the VRK family of serine/threonine kinases and are principally localized in the nucleus. Despite the crucial roles of VRK1/VRK3 in physiology and disease, the molecular and functional interactions of VRK1/VRK3 are poorly understood. Here, we identified over 200 unreported VRK1/VRK3-interacting candidate proteins by affinity purification and LC-MS/MS. The networks of VRK1 and VRK3 interactomes were found to be associated with important biological processes such as the cell cycle, DNA repair, chromatin assembly, and RNA processing. Interactions of interacting proteins with VRK1/VRK3 were confirmed by biochemical assays. We also found that phosphorylations of XRCC5 were regulated by both VRK1/VRK3, and that of CCNB1 was regulated by VRK3. In liver cancer cells and tissues, VRK1/VRK3 were highly upregulated and its depletion affected cell cycle progression in the different phases. VRK3 seemed to affect S phase progression and G2 or M phase entry and exit, whereas VRK1 affects G1/S transition in the liver cancer, which could be explained by different interacting candidate proteins. Thus, this study not only provides a resource for investigating the unidentified functions of VRK1/VRK3, but also an insight into the regulatory roles of VRK1/VRK3 in biological processes.11Ysciescopuskc

The Neuroprotective Effect of Methanol Extract of Gagamjungjihwan and Fructus Euodiae on Ischemia-Induced Neuronal and Cognitive Impairment in the Rat

Gagamjungjihwan (GJ), a decoction consisting of five herbs including ginseng, Acori Graminei Rhizoma, Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus, Polygalae Radic and Frustus Euodiae (FE), has been widely used as herbal treatment for ischemia. In order to investigate the neuroprotective action of this novel prescription, we examined the influence of GJ and FE on learning and memory using the Morris water maze and studied their affects on the central cholinergic system in the hippocampus with neuronal and cognitive impairment. After middle cerebral artery occlusion was applied for 2 h, rats were administered GJ (200 mg kg−1, p.o.) or FE (200 mg kg−1, p.o.) daily for 2 weeks, followed by training and performance of the Morris water maze tasks. Rats with ischemic insults showed impaired learning and memory of the tasks. Pre-treatment with GJ and FE produced improvement in the escape latency to find the platform. Pre-treatments with GJ and FE also reduced the loss of cholinergic immunoreactivity in the hippocampus. The results demonstrated that GJ and FE have a protective effect against ischemia-induced neuronal and cognitive impairment. Our results suggest that GJ and FE might be useful in the treatment of vascular dementia