2003-2004 Survey of International Law in the Second: Convention Against Torture

In Mu-Xing Wang v. John Ashcroft, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit announced that they had not set forth a test as to how the Board of Immigration Appeals should apply the facts to the relevant law in habeas review petitions. A specific test was not outlined, because the court decided that the Board of Immigration Appeals [hereinafter BIA] applied the facts properly to the law in Wang\u27s Convention Against Torture claim. Furthermore, on the due process claim, in looking at whether Wang has been denied his due process rights under the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the Second Circuit analyzed this claim as one of substantive rather than procedural due process. This analysis varies from how the lower court analyzed the claim; however, the Second Circuit still denied that there has been a violation of Wang\u27s due process rights

2003-2004 Survey of International Law in the Second: National Stolen Property Act

In United States of America v. Schultz, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit examined whether conspiring to take antiquities that were owned by the Government of Egypt under Egyptian Law 117 violates the National Stolen Property Act [hereinafter NSPA]. In analyzing this issue, the Second Circuit analyzed the law of Egypt- Law 117, the meaning of the term stolen, and the Fifth Circuit\u27s definition of the NSP A. The Second Circuit found in this case that the Egyptian antiquities were stolen within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 2315, NSPA. To support this finding, the Second Circuit stated that property stolen from a foreign government that has ownership of the property under valid patrimony law is considered stolen under the NSPA. The Second Circuit has not properly reviewed the NSPA prior, so in analyzing this case, they applied NSPA law from other circuits

THE METAL COMPLEXES OF 1-(PHENYLAMINO)-4, 4, 6-TRIMETHYL-3, 4-DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE-2-(1H)-THIONE: PREPARATION, PHYSICAL, SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES

Objective: The metal complexes of 1-(Phenylamino)-4, 4, 6-trimethyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidine-2-(1H)-thione: preparation, physical and spectroscopic studies and preliminary antibacterial properties.Methods: Complexes of bidentate ligand containing N, S-bridge [M(pmpt)2(H2O)n] (M(II) = Cu, Mn, Ni, Co; n = 2 and M(II) = Zn, Cd, Pd; n = 0) derived from the reaction of Hpmpt ligand with metals (M(II) = Cu, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, Pd) and characterized by various physico-chemical techniques. From magnetic moment studies, square planar geometry is suggested for Zn(II), Cd(II), Pd(II) complexes, octahedral geometry is proposed for Co(II), Ni(II) and Mn(II) and distorted octahedral for Cu(II) complexes. Thermo gravimetric (TG) curves indicate the decomposition of complexes in four to five steps. The presence of coordinated water in metal complexes was confirmed by thermal, elemental analysis and IR data. Free ligand and its complexes were assayed in vitro for their antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria using chloramphenicol as a standard market-drug.Results: The reported complexes were synthesized through greener protocol that is grindstone method by mixing the ligand and metal salts in 2:1 molar ratio. Products were obtained in good yield with sharp melting point.Conclusion: Studies have indicated that such complexes can be prepared by environment friendly approach which requires less time, simple workup for isolation and purification with good yield. The [Ni(pmpt)2(H2O)2] complex showed excellent antibacterial activity while other reported metal complexes showed weak antibacterial activity.Â

Full Mouth Rehabilitation with Fixed Partial Denture and Dental Implants: A Case Report

The major challenge in prosthodontics is restoring the function while maintaining the esthetics, especially considering the cases of full mouth rehabilitation. The use of a complete denture was thought to be the best solution in the past for these conditions but the perfect fit of the dentures raised questions in many cases. The advent of implants in dentistry proved to be a boon for such patients. Dental Implants are one of the most preferred treatment options for such cases as they help to support and retain the fixed or removable prosthesis. Implant-supported prosthesis gives an opportunity to such patients to lead a normal and healthy life considering their functional and esthetic demands. Successful osseointegration enables both dentist and the patient to accept full-arch implant-supported prosthesis. Here we present a case of full mouth rehabilitation with implants and fixed prosthesis

Breathless at the Point of a Sword

Context: Scimitar syndrome is a congenital anomaly of pulmonary venous return where right pulmonary artery drains into right side other heart, instead of the left side, causing pulmonary hypertension resulting in shortness of breath, recurrent lower respiratory tract infections, chest pain, and fatigue. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention would correct this congenital anomaly reducing morbidity and complications in otherwise healthy young patients. Case Report: We present a case of an 18-year-old female who presented with exertional shortness of breath, fatigue, and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. She had unremarkable physical examination but chest x-ray showed an abnormal opacity next to right heart border. Computed tomography (CT) chest was performed that showed possible scimitar syndrome. Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) and right heart catheterization (RHC) confirmed the diagnosis. Conclusion: Scimitar syndrome is a very rare congenital anomaly of pulmonary venous return. It is usually diagnosed in early childhood but the diagnosis may be delayed until later in adulthood. The consequences are pulmonary hypertension, right-sided heart failure, and frequent pulmonary infections resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and frequent doctor visits for otherwise healthy young patients

COMPARISON OF PREDICTORS OF DIFFICULT INTUBATION

Context: Unanticipated difficult laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation always remain a primary concern for an anaesthesiologist as the failure to maintain a patent airway during induction of anaesthesia may lead to anaesthesia related morbidity and mortality. Aims: The aim of our study was to predict difficult intubation and to identify best predictor(s) among them and also to compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of various airway parameters.Airway parameters taken in our study were Modified Mallampati Classification (MMT), Thyromental Distance (TMD), Sternomental Distance (SMD), Interincisor Gap (IIG), Upper Lip Bite Test (ULBT), Degree of Neck Extension (DNE), Anterior Subluxation of Mandible (ASM) and Protruding Teeth (PT). Methods and Material: 350 patients of ASA Grade 1 and 2 scheduled for various elective surgeries under general anaesthesia were included in our study and were assessed preoperatively for different airway parameters. Intraoperatively all patients were classified as difficult and easy intubation group according to Cormack and Lehane laryngoscopic view. Clinical data of each test was collected, tabulated and analyzed to obtain the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Results: The upper lip bite test had the highest sensitivity (80%); Anterior subluxation of mandible had highest specificity (99.06%) and both of above were most accurate tests. The overall incidence of difficult intubation was 8.57%. Conclusion: Upper lip bite test was the best predictor of difficult intubation and it should be included as a routine test along with Modified mallampati test in preanaesthetic evaluation

COMPARISON OF PREDICTORS OF DIFFICULT INTUBATION

Context: Unanticipated difficult laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation always remain a primary concern for an anaesthesiologist as the failure to maintain a patent airway during induction of anaesthesia may lead to anaesthesia related morbidity and mortality. Aims: The aim of our study was to predict difficult intubation and to identify best predictor(s) among them and also to compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of various airway parameters.Airway parameters taken in our study were Modified Mallampati Classification (MMT), Thyromental Distance (TMD), Sternomental Distance (SMD), Interincisor Gap (IIG), Upper Lip Bite Test (ULBT), Degree of Neck Extension (DNE), Anterior Subluxation of Mandible (ASM) and Protruding Teeth (PT). Methods and Material: 350 patients of ASA Grade 1 and 2 scheduled for various elective surgeries under general anaesthesia were included in our study and were assessed preoperatively for different airway parameters. Intraoperatively all patients were classified as difficult and easy intubation group according to Cormack and Lehane laryngoscopic view. Clinical data of each test was collected, tabulated and analyzed to obtain the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Results: The upper lip bite test had the highest sensitivity (80%); Anterior subluxation of mandible had highest specificity (99.06%) and both of above were most accurate tests. The overall incidence of difficult intubation was 8.57%. Conclusion: Upper lip bite test was the best predictor of difficult intubation and it should be included as a routine test along with Modified mallampati test in preanaesthetic evaluation

Phenolic and antioxidant capacity retention of potato peel waste as a function of cultivar, pretreatment and drying procedure

Drying procedures employed for potato peels (both raw and boiled) may adversely affect the useful bioactivecomponents present in them. This study envisaged the identification of a feasible drying procedure for handlingbulk potato peel waste for maximising the retention of phytochemicals in the peel powder. The total phenols (TP), flavonoids (TF) and antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed in peels of three commercial and one newly developed anthocyanin rich Indian potato cultivars in response to boiling pretreatment and varying drying procedures. Microwave drying (600W) was best in terms of drying rate for both raw and boiled peels. It yielded the greatest amount of TP and TF in the dried raw peel, irrespective of cultivar. Dried raw peels of an thocyanin rich Kufri Neelkanth cultivar exhibited maximum TAC. Retention of TF, metal scavenging activity and reducing power followed almost a similar pattern as TP irrespective of cultivar, pretreatment and drying procedure. Our study shows that potato peel from Kufri Neelkanth (raw) and Kufri Frysona (both raw and boiled) are best source of phenolics and flavonoids and can serve as a suitable matrix for extraction of bioactive compounds which holds promise for use in the food industry

Acute Kidney Injury, Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura, and the Infection That Binds Them Together: Disseminated Histoplasmosis

Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be complicated by opportunistic infections, including disseminated histoplasmosis (DH). Although endemic to portions of the United States and usually benign, DH can rarely act as an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients presenting with uncommon complications such as acute kidney injury and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. We report a rare presentation of DH presenting with acute kidney injury and immune thrombocytopenic purpura in an immunocompromised patient with HIV

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCES Dendrimers-a novel drug delivery system

Abstract Dendrimers are the polymeric materials for targeted delivery of drug molecule. These are the highly branched nanoscopic structure for the potential delivery of bioactive. The structure of these materials has a great impact on their physical and chemical properties. As a result of their unique behaviour dendrimers are suitable for a wide range of biomedical and industrial applications. The bioactive agents can be easily encapsulated into the interior of the dendrimers or chemically attached i.e. conjugated or physically adsorbed onto the dendrimer surface, serving the desired properties of the carrier to the specific needs of the active material and its therapeutic applications. In addition to supplying a multivalent backbone for drug attachment, dendrimers also provide access to various new polymer architectures that are potentially relevant to drug delivery applications. Through this review we are mainly focusing on the various properties and applications of dendrimer in pharmaceutical sciences