A prior history of binge-drinking increases sensitivity to the motivational valence of methamphetamine in female C57BL/6J mice.

Methamphetamine (MA) and alcohol use disorders exhibit a high degree of co-morbidity and sequential alcohol-MA mixing increases risk for co-abuse. Recently, we reported greater MA-conditioned reward in male C57BL/6J mice with a prior history of binge alcohol-drinking (14 days of 2-hour access to 5, 10, 20 and 40% alcohol). As female mice tend to binge-drink more alcohol than males and females tend to be more sensitive than males to the psychomotor-activating properties of MA, we first characterized the effects of binge-drinking upon MA-induced place-conditioning (four pairings of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg IP) in females and then incorporated our prior data to analyze for sex differences in MA-conditioned reward. Prior binge-drinking history did not significantly affect locomotor hyperactivity or its sensitization in female mice. However, the dose-response function for place-conditioning was shifted to the left of water-drinking controls, indicating an increase in sensitivity to MA-conditioned reward. The examination of sex differences revealed no sex differences in alcohol intake, although females exhibited greater MA-induced locomotor stimulation than males, irrespective of their prior drinking history. No statistically significant sex difference was apparent for the potentiation of MA-conditioned reward produced by prior binge-drinking history. If relevant to humans, these data argue that both males and females with a prior binge-drinking history are similarly vulnerable to MA abuse and it remains to be determined whether or not the neural substrates underpinning this increased vulnerability reflect common or sex-specific adaptations in reward-related brain regions

Anxiolytic effects of buspirone and MTEP in the Porsolt Forced Swim Test.

Traditionally, a reduction in floating behavior or immobility in the Porsolt forced swim test (FST) is employed as a predictor of antidepressant efficacy. However, over the past several years, our studies of alcohol withdrawal-induced negative affect consistently indicate the coincidence of increased anxiety-related behaviors on various behavioral tests with reduced immobility in the FST. Further, this behavioral profile correlates with increased mGlu5 protein expression within limbic brain regions. As the role for mGlu5 in anxiety is well established, we hypothesized that the reduced immobility exhibited by alcohol-withdrawn mice when tested in the FST might reflect anxiety, possibly a hyper-reactivity to the acute swim stressor. Herein, we evaluated whether or not the decreased FST immobility during alcohol withdrawal responds to systemic treatment with a behaviorally-effective dose of the prototypical anxiolytic, buspirone (5 mg/kg). We also determined the functional relevance of the withdrawal-induced increase in mGlu5 expression for FST behavior by comparing the effects of buspirone to a behaviorally effective dose of the mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator MTEP (3 mg/kg). Adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a 14-day, multi-bottle, binge-drinking protocol that elicits hyper-anxiety and increases glutamate-related protein expression during early withdrawal. Control animals received only water. At 24hr withdrawal, animals from each drinking condition were subdivided into groups and treated with an IP injection of buspirone, MTEP, or vehicle, 30min prior to the FST. Drug effects on general locomotor activity were also assessed. As we reported previously, alcohol-withdrawn animals exhibited significantly reduced immobility in the FST compared to water controls. Both buspirone and MTEP significantly increased immobility in alcohol-withdrawn animals, with a modest increase also seen in water controls. No significant group differences were observed for locomotor activity, indicating that neither anxiolytic was sedating. These results provide predictive validity for increased swimming/reduced immobility in the FST as a model of anxiety and provide novel evidence in favor of mGlu5 inhibition as an effective therapeutic strategy for treating hyperanxiety during alcohol withdrawal

mGlu5 Receptor Blockade Within the Nucleus Accumbens Shell Reduces Behavioral Indices of Alcohol Withdrawal-Induced Anxiety in Mice.

Withdrawal from binge-drinking increases negative affect, coinciding with increased expression of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) within the shell of the nucleus accumbens (AcbSh). Supporting a causal-effect relationship, systemic treatment with the mGlu5 receptor antagonist MTEP [3-((2-Methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl)pyridine] is anxiolytic in binge-drinking adult and adolescent mice. Here, we employed neuropharmacological approaches to examine the functional relevance of AcbSh mGlu5 for behavioral indices of alcohol withdrawal-induced hyper-anxiety. Adult (PND 56) and adolescent (PND 28) male C57BL/6J mice consumed alcohol under modified Drinking-in-the-Dark procedures (10, 20, and 40% alcohol v/v) for 14 days. At an alcohol withdrawal time-point when mice manifest robust behavioral signs of hyper-anxiety (1 and 28 days withdrawal for adults and adolescents, respectively), mice were infused intra-AcbSh with 0, 1 or 10 μg MTEP and then affect was assayed in the light-dark shuttle box, marble-burying and forced swim tests. Brain tissue was collected to evaluate changes in Egr1 (early growth response protein 1) induction to index AcbSh neuronal activity. As expected, alcohol-experienced mice exhibited behavioral signs of hyper-emotionality. The anxiolytic effects of intra-AchSh MTEP were modest, but dose-dependent, and varied with age of drinking-onset. In adult-onset mice, only the 1 μg MTEP dose reduced withdrawal-induced hyper-anxiety, whereas only the higher dose was effective in adolescent-onset animals. MTEP reduced Egr1 expression within the AcbSh, irrespective of alcohol drinking history or age of drinking-onset. However, only the high MTEP dose reduced Egr1 expression in adolescent-onset binging mice. These results implicate AcbSh mGlu5 in modulating alcohol withdrawal-induced negative affect and suggest age differences in the neurobiological effects of alcohol withdrawal and behavioral responsiveness to mGlu5 blockade within the AcbSh

DID it or DIDn't it? Exploration of a failure to replicate binge-like alcohol-drinking in C57BL/6J mice.

We previously reported that commercially-sourced C57BL/6J (B6) male mice with a history of adult-onset binge-drinking exhibit anxiety-like behavior in early withdrawal, while the negative affective state incubates during protracted withdrawal in adolescent-onset binge-drinking males. As the results of such studies are potentially confounded by age-related differences in reactivity to environmental stress, we employed a 2-bottle-choice DID procedure (20 and 40% alcohol; 20 min habituation to the drinking cage) to examine the effects of binge-drinking on negative affect in male and female, adult and adolescent, B6 mice from our university colony. Unexpectedly, the mice in the initial experiment exhibited very low alcohol intake, with little sign of withdrawal-induced negative affect. This failure to replicate prompted us to examine how the duration of drinking cage habituation, the number of alcohol concentrations presented and the animal source might influence the propensity to binge-drink. Herein, we show that both male and female adult mice from our colony will binge-drink when allowed 45 min to habituate to the drinking cages, irrespective of whether mice are offered a choice between 2, 3 or 4 alcohol concentrations. Further, when drinking under 4-bottle-choice procedures (5, 10, 20 and 40% alcohol), adult-onset binge-drinking females exhibit robust negative affect in early withdrawal akin to that reported previously for adult males; however, the negative affective state persists for at least 30 days into withdrawal. Also unlike males, adolescent-onset binge-drinking females exhibit some signs of negative affect, as well as potentiated alcohol intake, in early withdrawal, which persist into later withdrawal. These latter data suggest that the age-related differences in the temporal patterning of the negative affective state produced by alcohol withdrawal may vary as a function of sex, which may have implications for understanding sex differences in the etiology of affective disorders and alcoholism co-morbidity

Anxiolytic Effects of Buspirone and MTEP in the Porsolt Forced Swim Test

Traditionally, a reduction in floating behavior or immobility in the Porsolt forced swim test is employed as a predictor of anti-depressant efficacy. However, over the past several years, our studies of alcohol withdrawal-induced negative affect consistently indicate the coincidence of increased anxiety-related behaviors on various behavioral tests with reduced immobility in the forced swim test. Further, this behavioral profile correlates with increased mGlu5 protein expression within limbic brain regions. As the role for mGlu5 in anxiety is well established, we hypothesized that the reduced immobility exhibited by alcohol-withdrawn mice when tested in the forced swim test might reflect anxiety, possibly a hyper-reactivity to the acute swim stressor. Herein, we evaluated whether or not the decreased forced swim test immobility during alcohol withdrawal responds to systemic treatment with a behaviorally effective dose of the prototypical anxiolytic, buspirone (5 mg/kg). We also determined the functional relevance of the withdrawal-induced increase in mGlu5 expression for forced swim test behavior by comparing the effects of buspirone to a behaviorally effective dose of the mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator MTEP (3 mg/kg). Adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a 14-day, multi-bottle, binge-drinking protocol that elicits hyper-anxiety and increases glutamate-related protein expression during early withdrawal. Control animals received only water. At 24-h withdrawal, animals from each drinking condition were subdivided into groups and treated with an intraperitoneal injection of buspirone, MTEP, or vehicle, 30 min prior to the forced swim test. Drug effects on general locomotor activity were also assessed. As we reported previously, alcohol-withdrawn animals exhibited significantly reduced immobility in the forced swim test compared to water controls. Both buspirone and MTEP significantly increased immobility in alcohol-withdrawn animals, with a modest increase also seen in water controls. No significant group differences were observed for locomotor activity, indicating that neither anxiolytic was sedating. These results provide predictive validity for increased swimming/reduced immobility in the forced swim test as a model of anxiety and provide novel evidence in favor of mGlu5 inhibition as an effective therapeutic strategy for treating hyper-anxiety during alcohol withdrawal

Balance the Swedish Transmission System by Using Data Centers : A Study Whether UPS-systems Can Operate as Frequency Regulators

The energy market is facing a switch-over where future energy systems will rely more on renewable energy sources. These intermittent energy sources will increase the demand for new regulation methods to maintain the power balance in the grid. The purpose of this report is to investigate the ability of data centers to balance the power supply and demand in the Swedish transmission system by using data centers’ UPS-systems. UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) systems are intended to ensure stable and reliable power at all times. The data centers are evaluated by calculating the capacity of the UPS-systems. Furthermore, the report examines the challenges and opportunities that concerned actors will come across if this new regulation method is implemented. The incentives regarding future financial revenues for data centers and business opportunities for manufacturers are also examined.    Linear regression is chosen as the method of determining the capacity. The results show that the total aggregated capacity is 82.46 MW. The revenue that data centers would earn by operating as regulators is 143 000 SEK/MW per year if they regulate a quarter per hour. Furthermore, the results inspire to a discussion whether frequency regulation is suitable for data centers. To use UPS-systems for something other than their main purpose of ensuring stable power should be well motivated and be completely risk-free. The results show that it is uncertain whether the UPS-systems are able to provide the required power without risking complete discharge, which could lead to a financial disaster if a power failure occurs.