Impact du récepteur purinergique P2Y13 sur le transport retour du cholestérol et le développement de l'athérosclérose

Le taux de HDL-Cholestérol (Lipoprotéine de Haute Densité, HDL-C) est inversement corrélé au risque cardiovasculaire. L'effet athéroprotecteur des HDL est principalement attribué à leur fonction métabolique dans le Transport Retour du Cholestérol (TRC), un processus par lequel le cholestérol excédentaire des cellules périphériques, et des macrophages spumeux en particulier, est pris en charge par les HDL pour être ramené vers le foie où il sera finalement éliminé via les secrétions biliaires. Notre équipe a décrit à la surface des hépatocytes humains une nouvelle voie de captation des HDL dans laquelle l'apoA-I, protéine majoritaire des HDL, se lie en surface des hépatocytes à un complexe enzymatique similaire à la F1-ATPase mitochondriale (appelé ecto-F1-ATPase) et active l'hydrolyse de l'ATP extracellulaire en ADP. L'ADP ainsi généré active spécifiquement le récepteur purinergique P2Y13 pour in fine stimuler l'endocytose des holoparticules HDL (protéines + lipides) via un récepteur de basse affinité, différent du récepteur SR-BI et dont l'identité reste à ce jour inconnu. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié la fonction du récepteur P2Y13 dans le TRC et le développement de l'athérosclérose in vivo chez la souris. Dans une première partie, nous avons observé que des souris déficientes pour le récepteur P2Y13 (P2Y13 Knockout, KO) présentent une diminution de la captation hépatique en cholestérol et des secrétions de lipides biliaires. Ces changements sont accompagnés d'une forte diminution du TRC des macrophages vers les fèces et un régime riche en cholestérol (1.25%, HCD) accentue ce phénotype. Inversement, l'injection en bolus d'un agoniste partiel du récepteur P2Y13, le cangrelor, stimule la captation hépatique et les secrétions en lipides biliaires (cholestérol, phospholipides et acides biliaires) chez des souris sauvages (WT) et des souris invalidées pour SR-BI hépatique (SR-BI KOliver) mais pas chez les souris P2Y13 KO. Sur le long terme, une infusion chronique de cangrelor pendant 3 jours sur des souris WT, diminue les concentrations plasmatiques en HDL-C en augmentant leur captation hépatique. Cet effet se retrouve corrélé à une augmentation des secrétions biliaires en acides biliaires. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons démontré que l'invalidation de P2Y13 dans a modèle de souris d'athérosclérose, apoE KO, induit une augmentation de la plaque d'athérosclérose en corrélation avec une diminution des secrétions de lipides (cholestérol, phospholipides et acides biliaires) dans la bile et les fèces. Ainsi, l'ensemble de ces résultats montre que le récepteur P2Y13 pourrait constituer une nouvelle cible dans les thérapies HDL, visant à prévenir et/ou faire régresser le développement de la plaque d'athérosclérose.The level of High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) is inversely correlated to the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The protective effect of HDL is mostly attributed to their metabolic functions in Reverse Cholesterol Transport (RCT), a process whereby excess cell cholesterol is taken up from peripheral cells and macrophages by the HDL particles, and is later delivered to the liver for elimination by bile excretion. We have previously identified a new pathway for hepatic HDL uptake, involved in RCT. In this pathway, apoA-I, the major protein of HDL, binds an ecto-F1-ATPase leading to ATP hydrolysis into ADP. Extracellular ADP activates the P2Y13 receptor which stimulates in fine HDL uptake through an unknown low affinity receptor, distinct from the classical HDL receptor, SR-BI. In this work, we have investigated on mouse models the physiological relevance of P2Y13 receptor in RCT and atherosclerosis development. In a first part, we have showed that P2Y13 deficient mice fed on chow diet displayed a decrease in hepatic HDL-C uptake and biliary lipids secretions. In these conditions, P2Y13 deficiency was also associated with a strong decrease in RCT, from macrophages to the faeces. Moreover, the same phenotype was found on P2Y13 deficient mice fed on a high cholesterol diet (1.25%, HCD). Conversely, intravenous bolus injection of cangrelor, a partial agonist of P2Y13, stimulated hepatic HDL uptake and biliary lipids secretions (cholesterol, bile acids and phospholipids) in both wild-type and scavenger receptor class B type I liver deficient mice, with no effect in P2Y13 knockout mice. Furthermore, a long-term chronic treatment with cangrelor, by continuous infusion for 3 days, decreased plasma HDL-C levels as a consequence of increased hepatic HDL uptake. These effects were correlated with an increase in biliary bile acid secretion. In a second part, we have showed that deficiency of P2Y13 in a mice model for atherosclerosis, apoE knockout mice, induced an increase in atherosclerosis development. This result was correlated with a decrease in biliary lipids secretions and excretions into the faeces. Taken together our results suggest that P2Y13 receptor could be a target for therapeutic intervention on HDL ("HDL-Therapies"), aiming to prevent or reduce the development of atherosclerosis

Combined Treatments of Magnetic Intra-Lysosomal Hyperthermia with Doxorubicin Promotes Synergistic Anti-Tumoral Activity

Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic drug used for the treatment of many cancer types. However, its significant dose-related adverse effects including cardiotoxicity may hamper its efficiency. Moreover, the multidrug resistance that appears during treatments limits anti-cancer therapies. Hyperthermia has been introduced as an adjuvant anti-cancer therapy and presents promising opportunities especially in combination with chemotherapy. However, hyperthermia methods including standard magnetic hyperthermia do not discriminate between the target and the surrounding normal tissues and can lead to side effects. In this context, a Magnetic Intra-Lysosomal Hyperthermia (MILH) approach, which occurs without perceptible temperature rise, has been developed. We previously showed that minute amounts of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles targeting the gastrin receptor (CCK2R) are internalized by cancer cells through a CCK2R-dependent physiological process, accumulated into their lysosomes and kill cancer cells upon high frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF) application through lysosomal cell death. Here, we show that the combination of MILH with doxorubicin increases the efficiency of the eradication of endocrine tumor cells with synergism. We also demonstrate that these two treatments activate two different cell death pathways that are respectively dependent on Caspase-1 and Caspase-3 activation. These findings will result in the development of new anti-tumoral, intra-lysosomal-thermo/chemotherapy with better curative effects than chemotherapy alone and that are devoid of adverse effects linked to standard hyperthermia approaches

Chronic pharmacological activation of P2Y13 receptor in mice decreases HDL-cholesterol level by increasing hepatic HDL uptake and bile acid secretion.

International audienceHigh level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) is inversely correlated to the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The protective effect of HDL is mostly attributed to their metabolic functions in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), a process whereby excess cell cholesterol is taken up from peripheral cells and processed in HDL particles, and is later delivered to the liver for further metabolism and bile excretion. We have previously demonstrated that P2Y13 receptor is critical for RCT and that intravenous bolus injection of cangrelor (AR-C69931MX), a partial agonist of P2Y13 receptor, can stimulate hepatic HDL uptake and subsequent lipid biliary secretion without any change in plasma lipid levels. In the present study, we investigated the effect of longer-term treatment with cangrelor on lipoprotein metabolism in mice. We observed that continuous delivery of cangrelor at a rate of 35μg/day/kg body weight for 3days markedly decreased plasma HDL-cholesterol level, by increasing the clearance of HDL particles by the liver. These effects were correlated to an increase in the rate of biliary bile acid secretion. An increased expression of SREBP-regulated genes of cholesterol metabolism was also observed without any change of hepatic lipid levels as compared to non-treated mice. Thus, 3-day cangrelor treatment markedly increases the flux of HDL-cholesterol from the plasma to the liver for bile acid secretion. Taken together our results suggest that P2Y13 appears a promising target for therapeutic intervention aimed at preventing or reducing cardiovascular risk

Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the regulation of P2Y13 receptor expression: impact on hepatic HDL uptake.

International audienceThe protective effect of high density lipoproteins (HDL) against atherosclerosis is mainly attributed to their capacity to transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for further elimination into the bile, a process called reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Recently, the importance of the P2Y13 receptor (P2Y13-R) was highlighted in HDL metabolism since HDL uptake by the liver was decreased in P2Y13-R deficient mice, which translated into impaired RCT. Here, we investigated for the first time the molecular mechanisms regulating cell surface expression of P2Y13-R. When transiently expressed, P2Y13-R was mainly detected in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and strongly subjected to proteasome degradation while its homologous P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12-R) was efficiently targeted to the plasma membrane. We observed an inverse correlation between cell surface expression and ubiquitination level of P2Y13-R in the ER, suggesting a close link between ubiquitination of P2Y13-R and its efficient targeting to the plasma membrane. The C-terminus tail exchange between P2Y13-R and P2Y12-R strongly restored plasma membrane expression of P2Y13-R, suggesting the involvement of the intra-cytoplasmic tail of P2Y13-R in expression defect. Accordingly, proteasomal inhibition increased plasma membrane expression of functionally active P2Y13-R in hepatocytes, and consequently stimulated P2Y13-R-mediated HDL endocytosis. Importantly, proteasomal inhibition strongly potentiated HDL hepatic uptake (>200 %) in wild-type but not in P2Y13-R-deficient mice, thus reinforcing the role of P2Y13-R expression in regulating HDL metabolism. Therefore, specific inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system might be a novel powerful HDL therapy to enhance P2Y13-R expression and consequently promote the overall RCT

Lack of P2Y13 in mice fed a high cholesterol diet results in decreased hepatic cholesterol content, biliary lipid secretion and reverse cholesterol transport.

International audienceBACKGROUND: The protective effect of HDL is mostly attributed to their metabolic function in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), a process whereby excess cellular cholesterol is taken up from peripheral cells, processed in HDL particles, and later delivered to the liver for further metabolism and biliary secretion. Mechanistically, the purinergic P2Y13 ADP-receptor is involved in hepatic HDL endocytosis (i.e., uptake of both HDL protein + lipid moieties), which is considered an important step of RCT. Accordingly, chow-fed P2Y13 knockout (P2Y13-/-) mice exhibit lower hepatic HDL uptake, which translates into a decrease of hepatic free cholesterol content and biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretion. FINDINGS: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high cholesterol diet (HCD) in P2Y13-/- mice, in order to mimic high dietary cholesterol intake, which is a major cause of dyslipidemia in humans. As previously reported with chow-diet, HCD did not affect plasma lipid levels in P2Y13-/- compared with control mice but decreased hepatic free and esterified cholesterol content (p < 0.05, P2Y13-/- versus control). Interestingly, biliary lipid secretion and macrophages-to-feces RCT were more dramatically impaired in P2Y13-/- mice fed a HCD than chow-diet. HCD did not enhance atherosclerosis in P2Y13-/- compared with control mice. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that high dietary cholesterol intake accentuated the metabolic phenotype of P2Y13-/- mice, with impaired hepatobiliary RCT. Although other animal models might be required to further evaluate the role of P2Y13 receptor in atherosclerosis, P2Y13 appears a promising target for therapeutic intervention aiming to stimulate RCT, particularly in individuals with lipid-rich diet

Magneto-mechanical destruction of cancer-associated fibroblasts using ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles and low frequency rotating magnetic fields

International audienceThe destruction of cells using the mechanical activation of magnetic nanoparticles with low-frequency magnetic fields constitutes a recent and interesting approach in cancer therapy. Here, we showed that superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as small as 6 nm were able to induce the death of pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts, chosen as a model. An exhaustive screening of the amplitude, frequency, and type (alternating vs. rotating) of magnetic field demonstrated that the best efficacy was obtained for a rotating low-amplitude low-frequency magnetic field (1 Hz and 40 mT), reaching a 34% ratio in cell death induction; interestingly, the cell death was not maximized for the largest amplitudes of the magnetic field. State-of-the-art kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations able to calculate the torque undergone by assemblies of magnetic nanoparticles explained these features and were in agreement with cell death experiments. Simulations showed that the force generated by the nanoparticles once internalized inside the lysosome was around 3 pN, which is in principle not large enough to induce direct membrane disruption. Other biological mechanisms were explored to explain cell death: the mechanical activation of magnetic nanoparticles induced lysosome membrane permeabilization and the release of the lysosome content and cell death was mediated through a lysosomal pathway depending on cathepsin-B activity. Finally, we showed that repeated rotating magnetic field exposure halted drastically the cell proliferation. This study established a proof-of-concept that ultra-small nanoparticles can disrupt the tumor microenvironment through mechanical forces generated by mechanical activation of magnetic nanoparticles upon low-frequency rotating magnetic field exposure, opening new opportunities for cancer therapy

Quantitative analysis of the tumor suppressor dendrogenin A using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

International audienceDendrogenin A (DDA) was recently identified as a mammalian cholesterol metabolite that displays tumor suppressor and neurostimulating properties at low doses. In breast tumors, DDA levels were found to be decreased compared to normal tissues, evidencing a metabolic deregulation of DDA production in cancers. DDA is an amino-oxysterol that contains three protonatable nitrogen atoms. This makes it physico-chemically different from other oxysterols and it therefore requires specific analytical methods We have previously used a two-step method for the quantification of DDA in biological samples: 1) DDA purification from a Bligh and Dyer extract by RP-HPLC using a 250×4.6mm column, followed by 2) nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) fragmentation to analyze the HPLC fraction of interest. We report here the development a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of DDA and its analogues. This new method is fast (10min), resolving (peak width <4s) and has a weak carryover (<0.01%). We show that this technique efficiently separates DDA from its C17 isomer and other steroidal alkaloids from the same family establishing a proof of concept for the analysis of this family of amino-oxysterols

Dendrogenin A Enhances Anti-Leukemic Effect of Anthracycline in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

International audienceDendrogenin A (DDA), a mammalian cholesterol metabolite with tumor suppressor properties, has recently been shown to exhibit strong anti-leukemic activity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells by triggering lethal autophagy. Here, we demonstrated that DDA synergistically enhanced the toxicity of anthracyclines in AML cells but not in normal hematopoietic cells. Combination index of DDA treatment with either daunorubicin or idarubicin indicated a strong synergism in KG1a, KG1 and MV4-11 cell lines. This was confirmed in vivo using immunodeficient mice engrafted with MOLM-14 cells as well as in a panel of 20 genetically diverse AML patient samples. This effect was dependent on Liver X Receptor β, a major target of DDA. Furthermore, DDA plus idarubicin strongly increased p53BP1 expression and the number of DNA strand breaks in alkaline comet assays as compared to idarubicin alone, whereas DDA alone was non-genotoxic. Mechanistically, DDA induced JNK phosphorylation and the inhibition of AKT phosphorylation, thereby maximizing DNA damage induced by idarubicin and decreasing DNA repair. This activated autophagic cell death machinery in AML cells. Overall, this study shows that the combination of DDA and idarubicin is highly promising and supports clinical trials of dendrogenin A in AML patients

Increased atherosclerosis in P2Y<inf>13</inf>/apolipoprotein e double-knockout mice: Contribution of P2Y<inf>13</inf> to reverse cholesterol transport

Aims High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) protect against atherosclerosis mainly due to their function in hepatobiliary reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). This is a process whereby excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues is transported by HDL particles to the liver for further metabolism and biliary excretion. Hepatic uptake of HDL holoparticles involves the P2Y13 receptor, independently of the selective cholesteryl ester uptake mediated by scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI). Accordingly, P2Y13-deficient mice (P2Y13-/-) have impaired RCT. This study assessed whether P2Y13 deficiency would affect atherosclerotic development. Methods and results P2Y13-/- mice were crossbred with atherosclerosis-prone apoE-/- mice. When 15 weeks old, P2Y13-/-/apoE-/- mice had more aortic sinus lesions than apoE-/- mice. Bone marrow transplantation showed that the absence of the P2Y13 receptor in blood cells did not lead to significantly greater atherosclerotic plaque size formation compared with control apoE-/- reconstituted animals. Conversely, the absence of the P2Y13 receptor, except in blood cells, resulted in lesion sizes similar to that in P2Y13-/-/apoE-/- reconstituted mice, pointing to a role for non-haematopoietic-derived P2Y13. Unexpectedly, P2Y13-/-/apoE-/- mice displayed a lower HDL-cholesterol level than apoE-/- mice, which might be due to greater SR-BI expression in the liver. However, P2Y13 deficiency in apoE-/- mice was translated into reduced biliary and faecal sterol excretion and impaired RCT from macrophage to faeces, suggesting that an alteration in hepatobiliary RCT could be solely responsible for the greater atherosclerosis observed. Conclusion The P2Y13 receptor protects against atherosclerosis, primarily through its role in hepatobiliary RCT.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Dendrogenin A Synergizes with Cytarabine to Kill Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

International audienceDendrogenin A (DDA) is a mammalian cholesterol metabolite that displays potent antitumor properties on acute myeloid leukemia (AML). DDA triggers lethal autophagy in cancer cells through a biased activation of the oxysterol receptor LXRβ, and the inhibition of a sterol isomerase. We hypothesize that DDA could potentiate the activity of an anticancer drug acting through a different molecular mechanism, and conducted in vitro and in vivo combination tests on AML cell lines and patient primary tumors. We report here results from tests combining DDA with antimetabolite cytarabine (Ara-C), one of the main drugs used for AML treatment worldwide. We demonstrated that DDA potentiated and sensitized AML cells, including primary patient samples, to Ara-C in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that this sensitization was LXRβ-dependent and was due to the activation of lethal autophagy. This study demonstrates a positive in vitro and in vivo interaction between DDA and Ara-C, and supports the clinical evaluation of DDA in combination with Ara-C for the treatment of AML